Skip to main content

Prologue to an Experiment in Higher Education: Mentoring Psychospiritual Maturation, Breaking Humanity’s Chain of Pain

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
A Person-Centered Approach to Psychospiritual Maturation

Abstract

Over the last three decades, higher education has challenged itself to cultivate campus cultures of health, social justice, and peace. Since Ernest Boyer ’s seminal research, it has become evident that many students experience psychological distress, behavioral dysregulation, and lack of community, factors that undermine their well-being, academic success, and a positive campus culture. But efforts to rectify these issues have had limited success. This book offers an explanation from the perspective of humanistic psychology: higher education has not recognized student needs for person-centered learning that facilitates psychospiritual maturation during young adulthood. This book describes a curriculum that I have developed, Know Your Self. The curriculum mentors a person-centered approach to psychospiritual maturation that helps students address these problematic issues. The book also presents research demonstrating the effectiveness of this curriculum. Student Life professionals will find this curriculum relevant to co-curricular work with students. However, psychospiritual development must become a core element of academic activity, taught by engaged faculty, if we hope to transform our campuses into model cultures of health, social justice, and peace.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 19.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 29.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • AAC&U. (2002). Greater expectations: A new vision for learning as a nation goes to college. Washington, DC: Association of American Colleges and Universities.

    Google Scholar 

  • AAC&U. (2007). College learning for the new global century: Report from the National Leadership Council for Liberal Education and America’s Promise. Washington, DC: American Association of Colleges and Universities.

    Google Scholar 

  • ACHA. (2014). American College Health Association: National college health assessment II, 2014 executive summary. Hanover, MD: American College Health Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth, M. D. (1985). Attachments across the life span. Bulletin New York Academy of Medicine, 61(9), 792–812.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allport, G. W., & Ross, J. M. (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5(4), 432–443.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angilella, J. T., & Ziajka, A. (Eds.). (1998). Rediscovering justice: Awakening world faiths to address world issues. San Francisco, CA: University of San Francisco, Association of Jesuit University Presses.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, K. (2006). The great transformation: The beginning of our religious traditions. New York, NY: Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, J. J. (2015). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ballou, M., Matsumoto, A., & Wagner, M. (2002). Toward a feminist ecological theory of human nature. In M. Ballou & L. S. Brown (Eds.), Rethinking mental health and disorders: Feminist perspectives. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. (1976). Cognitive therapy and emotional disorders. New York, NY: International Universities Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benson, H., Herd, J. A., Morse, W. H., & Kelleher, R. T. (1969). Behavioral induction of arterial hypertension and its reversal. American Journal of Physiology, 217(4), 30–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bergin, A. E., Masters, K. S., & Richards, P. S. (1987). Religiousness and mental health reconsidered: A study of an intrinsically religious sample. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 197–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bohm, D. (1980). Wholeness and the implicate order. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss (Vol. 1: Attachment). New York, NY: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyer, E. L. (1990). Campus life: In search of community. Princeton, NJ: The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bozarth, J. (1998). Person-centered therapy. Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L., & Ballou, M. (Eds.). (1992). Personality and psychopathology: Feminist reappraisals. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahn, B. R., & Polich, J. (2006). Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132(2), 180–211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cain, D. J., & Seeman, J. (Eds.). (2002). Humanistic psychotherapies: Handbook of research and practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannon, W. B., & Rosenblueth, A. (1937). Autonomic neuro-effector systems. New York, NY: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conde-Frazier, E., Kang, S. S., & Parrett, G. A. (2004). A many colored kingdom: Multicultural dynamics for spiritual formation. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, M., O’Hara, M., Schmid, P. F., & Wyatt, G. (2007). The handbook of person-centered psychotherapy and counselling. Houndsmill, UK: Palgrave.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Aquili, E., & Newberg, A. B. (1999). The mystical experience: Probing the biology of religious experience. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, J. M. (1976). The physiology of meditation and mystical states of consciousness. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 19(Spring), 345–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eck, D. L. (2001). A new religious America: How a “Christian country” has become the most religiously diverse nation. San Francisco, CA: HarperSanFrancisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eck, D. L., & Pierce, E. J. (Eds.). (1998). World religions in Boston: A guide to communities and resources (3rd ed.). Cambridge, MA: The Pluralism Project, Harvard University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, R. W. (1992). Selected writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson. New York, NY: Modern Library.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erikson, E. (1963). Childhood and society (2nd ed.). New York, NY: W.W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fricchione, G. L. (2011). Compassion and healing in medicine and society: On the nature and use of attachment solutions to separation challenges. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Germer, C. K., & Siegel, R. D. (Eds.). (2012). Wisdom and compassion in psychotherapy: Deepening mindfulness in clinical practice. New York, NY: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harward, D. W. (Ed.). (2012). Civic provocations. Washington, DC: Bringing Theory to Practice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herman, J. (1997). Trauma and recovery. New York, NY: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hood, R. (Ed.). (1995). Handbook of religious experience. Birmingham, AL: Religious Education Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoshmand, L. T., & Kass, J. D. (2003). Conceptual and action frameworks for peace. International Journal for Advancement of Counseling, 25(4), 205–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huxley, A. (1945). The perennial philosophy. New York, NY: Harper Brothers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, S., & Worsley, R. (Eds.). (2005). Person-centered psychopathology: A positive psychology of mental health. Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living. New York, NY: Dell Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kass, J. D. (1985). The use of person-centered expressive therapies in the health professions. Brennpunkt, Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Gesprachspsychotherapie und Person-Zentrierte Beratung, 24, 20–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kass, J. D. (1991). Contributions of religious experience to psychological and physical well-being: Research evidence and an explanatory model. The Caregiver (College of Chaplains), 8(4), 4–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kass, J. D. (1995). Contributions of religious experience to psychological and physical well-being: Research evidence and an explanatory model. In L. Vandecreek (Ed.), Spiritual needs and pastoral services: Readings in research (pp. 189–213). Decatur, GA: Journal of Pastoral Care Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kass, J. D. (1998). The Inventory of Positive Psychological Attitudes: Measuring attitudes which buffer stress and facilitate primary prevention. In C. Zalaquett & R. Wood (Eds.), Evaluating stress: A book of resources (Vol. 2, pp. 153–184). Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kass, J. D. (2000). Manual for the Spirituality and Resilience Assessment Packet (Version 4.3). Cambridge, MA: Institute for Contemplative Education, Greenhouse, Inc., A Human Development Resource Center. www.resilientworldview.org.

  • Kass, J. D. (2007a). God images as indwelling spirit and core foundation of self. In P. Hegy (Ed.), What do we imagine God to be? The function of “God images” in our lives. Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kass, J. D. (2007b). Spiritual maturation: A developmental resource for resilience, well-being, and peace. Journal of Pedagogy, Pluralism, and Practice, 12(Summer), 56–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kass, J. D. (2015). Person-centered spiritual maturation: A multidimensional model. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 55(1), 53–76. doi:10.1177/0022167814525261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kass, J. D., & Lennox, S. (2005). Emerging models of spiritual development: A foundation for mature, moral, and health-promoting behavior. In W. R. Miller & H. Delaney (Eds.), Judeo-Christian perspectives on psychology: Human nature, motivation, and change. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kass, J. D., & Trantham, S. M. (2014). Perspectives from clinical neuroscience: Mindfulness and therapeutic use of the arts. In L. Rappaport (Ed.), Mindfulness and the arts therapies: Theory and practice. London, UK: Jessica Kingsley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kass, J. D., Baxter, J., & Lennox, S. (2015). Mentoring person-centered spiritual maturation: A quasi-experimental mixed methods study of a contemplative self-inquiry curriculum. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 55(4), 474–503. doi:10.1177/0022167814547578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kass, J. D., Friedman, R., Leserman, J., Caudill, M., Zuttermeister, P., & Benson, H. (1991a). An inventory of positive psychological attitudes with potential relevance to health outcomes. Behavioral Medicine, 17(3), 121–129.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kass, J. D., Friedman, R., Leserman, J., Zuttermeister, P., & Benson, H. (1991b). Health outcomes and a new measure of spiritual experience. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30(2), 203–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keeling, R. P. (2004). Learning reconsidered: A campus-wide focus on the student experience. Washington, DC: American College Personnel Association (ACPA)—National Association of Student Personnel Administrators (NASPA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelman, H. C. (1997). Social-psychological dimensions of international conflict. In I. W. Zartman & J. L. Rasmussen (Eds.), Peacemaking in international conflict: Methods and techniques. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirschenbaum, H. (2007). The life and work of Carl Rogers. Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kujawa-Holbrook, S. A. (2014). God beyond borders: Interreligious learning among faith communities. Eugene, OR: Pickwick Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazar, S. W., Bush, G., Gollub, R. L., Fricchione, G. L., Khalsa, G., & Benson, H. (2000). Functional brain mapping of the relaxation response and meditation. NeuroReport, 11(7), 1581–1585.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lende, D. H., & Downey, G. (Eds.). (2012). The encultured brain: An introduction to neuroanthropology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Rawlings, N. B., Ricard, M., & Davidson, R. J. (2004). Long-term meditators self-induce high amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice. Neuroscience, 101(46), 16369–16373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattson, M. P. (Ed.). (2003). Neurobiology of aggression: Understanding and preventing violence. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, D. L. (2007). Overcoming religious illiteracy: A cultural studies approach to the study of religion in secondary education. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Nasr, S. H. (1997). Man and nature: The spiritual crisis of modern man. Chicago, IL: KAZI Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newberg, A. B., & D’Aquili, E. G. (1998). The neuropsychology of spiritual experience. In H. G. Koenig (Ed.), Handbook of religion and mental health. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, E. (Ed.). (1964). The essential Plotinus. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paloutzian, R. F., & Park, C. L. (Eds.). (2013). Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pargament, K. I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, practice. New York, NY: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pargament, K. I., Maton, K. I., & Hess, R. E. (Eds.). (1992). Religion and prevention in mental health: Research, vision, and action. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parks, S. D. (1986). The critical years: The young adult search for a faith to live by. San Francisco, CA: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parks, S. D. (2000). Big questions, worthy dreams: Mentoring young adults in their search for meaning, purpose, and faith. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, self-regulation. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Proctor, G., Cooper, M., Sanders, P., & Malcolm, B. (2006). Politicising the person-centered approach: An agenda for social change. Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rama, S., Ballantine, R., & Ajaya, S. (1976). Yoga and psychotherapy: The evolution of consciousness. Honesdale, PA: Himalayan International Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, C. R. (1980a). Building person-centered communities: Implications for the future. A way of being (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, C. R. (1980b). A way of being (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, C. R., Justyn, J., Kass, J. D., Miller, M., Rogers, N., Villas-Boas Bowen, M., et al. (1978). Evolving aspects of person-centered workshops. Self and Society, 6(2), 43–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schore, A. (2001). Effects of secure attachment relationship on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health. Infant Mental Health Journal, 22(1–2), 7–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuon, F. (1984). The transcendent unity of religions. Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serlin, I. (2011). The history and future of humanistic psychology. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 51(4), 428–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sidanius, J., & Kurzban, R. (2013). Toward an evolutionarily informed political psychology. In L. Huddy, D. O. Sears, & J. S. Levy (Eds.), Oxford handbook of political psychology (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, D. J. (2007). The mindful brain: Reflection and attunement in the cultivation of well-being. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, H. (1991). The world’s religions: Our great wisdom traditions. New York, NY: HarperSanFrancisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, M., & Siegel, D. J. (Eds.). (2003). Healing trauma: Attachment, mind, body, and brain. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spretnak, C. (1991). States of grace: The recovery of meaning in the postmodern age. San Francisco, CA: HarperSanFrancisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (1981). Counseling the culturally different: Theory and practice. New York, NY: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swaner, L. E. (2005). Linking engaged learning, student mental health and well-being, and civic development: A review of the literature, Bringing Theory to Practice. Washington, DC: American Association of Colleges and Universities.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale, W. (1999). The mystic heart: Discovering a universal spirituality in the world’s religions. Novato, CA: New World Library.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tillich, P. (1952). The courage to be. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tudor, K., & Worrall, M. (2006). Person-centered therapy. London, UK: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tutu, D. M. (1994). The rainbow people of God: The making of a peaceful revolution. New York, NY: Image Books/Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Kolk, B. A. (1994). The body keeps the score: Memory and the evolving psychobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 1(5), 253–265.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kass, J.D. (2017). Prologue to an Experiment in Higher Education: Mentoring Psychospiritual Maturation, Breaking Humanity’s Chain of Pain . In: A Person-Centered Approach to Psychospiritual Maturation . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57919-1_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics