Abstract
In this penultimate chapter, the response to transphobic hate crime by charities, policy-makers and criminal justice agencies, such as the police and their specialist provision of dedicated police officers will be examined. Also highlighted are the limited resources of charities and police resulting in a needs-directed approach exacerbated by the extensive underreporting of transphobic hate crime which is a cause for concern. The lack of confidence in criminal justice agencies both in England and Wales and in the USA is a key contributing factor in this regard. This issue will be examined in conjunction with the methods introduced to improve reporting practices, for example, third-party reporting. This chapter will thus inform the final chapter’s recommendations on responses to transphobic hate crime.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
ACLU. (2016). ACLU history: Some highlights: Why we do what we do: How we do it. Retrieved from http://www.aclu.org/about/aclu-history.
Antjoule, N. (2013). The hate crime report: Homophobia, biphobia and transphobia in London. London: GALOP.
Antjoule, N. (2016). The hate crime report: Homophobia, biphobia and transphobia in the UK. London. Retrieved from http://www.galop.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/The-Hate-Crime-Report-2016.pdf.
Berrill, K. T., & Herek, G. M. (1992). Primary and secondary victimization in anti-gay hate cirmes: Official response and public policy. In G. M. Herek & K. T. Berrill (Eds.), Hate crimes: Confronting violence against lesbians and gay men (pp. 289–305). Newbury Park: Sage.
Commissioner for Human Rights. (2009). Human rights and gender identity (pp. 1–53). Strasbourg: Office for the Commissioner of Human Rights & The Council of Europe.
Comstock, G. D. (1991). Violence against lesbians and gay men. New York: Columbia University Press.
CPS. (2016). Hate crime report 2014/2015 & 2015/2016. London: Author.
Directorate of Communication. (2016). The Council of Europe: An overview. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. Retrieved from https://edoc.coe.int/en/an-overview/6966-the-council-of-europe-an-overview.html.
Engel, R. S., & Worden, R. E. (2003). Police officers’ attitudes, behavior, and supervisory influences an analysis of problem-solving. Criminology, 41(1), 131–166.
Gender Recognition Act (GRA) (2004). Retrieved from http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/7/contents.
Human Rights Campaign & Trans People of Color Coalition. (2015). Addressing anti-transgender violence: Exploring realities, challenges and solutions for policymakers and community advocates. Retrieved from http://hrc-assets.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com//files/assets/resources/HRC-AntiTransgenderViolence-0519.pdf.
Human Rights Watch. (2016). UN makes history on sexual orientation, gender identity: Human Rights Body establishes an independent expert. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/06/30/un-makes-history-sexual-orientation-gender-identity.
ILGA Europe. (2016). Our advocacy work: Hate crime and hate speech. Retrieved from http://www.ilga-europe.org/what-we-do/our-advocacy-work/hate-crime-hate-speech.
Jamel, J., Bull, R., & Sheridan, L. (2008). An investigation of the police service provided to male rape survivors. International Journal of Police Science and Management, 10, 486–508.
Kane, R. J. (2002). The social ecology of police misconduct. Criminology, 40(4), 867–896.
Kelley, P. (2009). Filling in the blanks: Hate crime in London. London: GALOP.
Kuehnle, K., & Sullivan, A. (2001). Patterns of anti-gay violence: An analysis of incident characteristics and victim reporting. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16, 928–943.
Kuehnle, K., & Sullivan, A. (2003). Gay and lesbian victimization: Reporting factors in domestic violence and bias incidents. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 30, 85–96.
Metropolitan Police Service (MPS). (1995). Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Liaison Officer [LGBT LO] job description & role profile (p. 1). London: Author.
Millie, A. (2014). What are the police for? Re-thinking policing post-austerity. In J. M. Brown (Ed.), The future of policing (pp. 1–11). Abingdon: Routledge.
Moran, L. J., & Sharpe, A. N. (2002). Policing the transgender/violence relation. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 13(3), 269–285.
Moran, L. J., & Sharpe, A. N. (2004). Violence, identity and policing: The case of violence against transgender people. Criminal Justice, 4(4), 395–417.
OSCE. (2016). Who we are. Retrieved from http://www.osce.org/whatistheosce.
Paoline, E. A., Myers, S., & Worden, R. E. (2000). Police culture, individualism, and community policing: Evidence from two police departments. Justice Quarterly, 17(3), 575–605.
Prison Reform Trust. (2016). Prison: The facts: Bromley briefings summer 2016 (pp. 1–12). London: Author.
Reback, C. J., Simon, P. A., Bemis, C. C., & Gatson, B. (2001). The Los Angeles transgender health study: Community report. Los Angeles.
Terrill, W., Paoline, E. A., & Manning, P. K. (2003). Police culture and coercion. Criminology, 41, 1003–1034.
TGEU. (2013). TGEU eNews. Online. Retrieved from http://tgeu.org/tgeu-newsletter-issue-3-2013/.
The Council of Europe. (2011). Combating discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation or gender identity: Council of Europe Standards. Strasbourg: Author.
The Scottish Government. (2016). A plan for Scotland: The government’s programme for Scotland 2016–17. Edinburgh: Author.
Tilley, N. (2003). Community policing, problem-oriented policing and intelligence-led policing. In T. Newburn (Ed.), Handbook of policing (pp. 311–339). Cullompton: Willan.
Tilley, N. (2011). Modern approaches to policing: Community, problem-oriented and intelligence led. In T. Newburn (Ed.), Handbook of policing (2nd ed., pp. 373–403). Abingdon: Taylor & Francis.
Tilley, N., & Laycock, G. (2002). Working out what to do: Evidence-based crime reduction (Crime Reduction Series Paper 11). London: Home Office.
Witten, T. M. (2003). Life-course analysis—The courage to search for something more: Middle adulthood issues in the transgender and intersex community. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 8(2/3), 189–224.
Wolff, K. B., & Cokely, C. L. (2007). “To protect and serve?” An exploration of police conduct in relation to the gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender community. Sexuality and Culture, 11, 1–23.
Xavier, J., Honnold, J. A., & Bradford, J. (2007). The health, health related needs, and lifecourse experiences of transgender Virginians. Virginia: Virginia Department of Health, Division of Disease Prevention through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jamel, J. (2018). Responses to Transphobic Hate Crime. In: Transphobic Hate Crime. Palgrave Hate Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57879-8_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57879-8_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-57878-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-57879-8
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)