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The Present and Future of Privacy-Preserving Computation in Fog Computing

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Fog Computing in the Internet of Things

Abstract

Edge computing is becoming a prevalent alternative to the classical cloud paradigm. Instead of relying on a centralized infrastructure, hyper local clouds which are used in fog computing and edge clouds focus on performing computation and storing data locally. This increase of locality allows an enhancement of privacy and interactivity with end users. In particular, this allows computation to be performed near the users and thus shielding them from directed tracking. However, current computational frameworks are not suitable to implement privacy-preserving computation on the edge. Multi-party computation (MPC) poses itself as a suitable option to offer the basic building block for building decentralized privacy-preserving computational frameworks. In MPC, each party has to share their own data (inputs) with the other parties over a public function while ensuring that no private information is leaked. One of the recent approaches in this field is Enigma’s computation model based on an optimized version of secure multi-party computation which removes the need for a trusted third party. This model works in parallel with blockchain technology that controls the network, manages access control, identities, and serves as a tamper proof log of events. In this work, we follow this path of privacy based on blockchain with secure multi-party computation. We start describing the related work, then the current state of the art in terms of security and privacy and finally new directions in the field with special focus in security and privacy.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Bitcoin is a digital currency and online payment system, also called digital cash. It works in a decentralized way, that uses peer-to-peer to enable payments between parties without the need of mutual trust. The payments are made in Bitcoins that are digital coins issued and transferred by the Bitcoin network [1].

  2. 2.

    Mist computing decreases latency and increases subsystems’ autonomy. This takes fog computing concepts further by pushing some of the computation to the very edge of the network, to the sensor and actuator devices that make up the network [6].

  3. 3.

    The main innovation behind IOTA is the Tangle, a novel new blockless distributed ledger which is scalable, lightweight and for the first time ever makes it possible to transfer value without any fees. Contrary to today’s blockchains, consensus is no-longer decoupled but instead an intrinsic part of the system, leading to decentralized and self-regulating peer-to-peer network [9].

  4. 4.

    Ethereum is a decentralized platform that runs smart contracts: applications that run exactly as programmed without any possibility of downtime, censorship, fraud or third party interference [10].

  5. 5.

    Yao’s GC, utilized for SMPC, allows multiple parties to compute an arbitrary Boolean function on their individual inputs without revealing information about those inputs to any trusted third party, as long as they are semi-honest [41, 42].

  6. 6.

    “Additive sharing supports efficient addition and multiplication due to the algebraic properties of the scheme. However, floating-point arithmetic is much more sophisticated and contains a composition of different operations, both integer arithmetic and bitwise operations.” [43].

  7. 7.

    Shamir’s Secret Sharing is a form of secret sharing, where a secret is divided into parts, giving each participant a random part of the secret, where some of the parts or all of them are needed in order to reconstruct the secret. Sometimes, it is used a threshold scheme to define k parts that are sufficient to reconstruct the original secret, since can be impractical to have all participants to combine the secret [44].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal

    Patrícia R. Sousa, Luís Antunes & Rolando Martins

Authors
  1. Patrícia R. Sousa
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  2. Luís Antunes
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  3. Rolando Martins
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Patrícia R. Sousa .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA

    Amir M. Rahmani

  2. Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

    Pasi Liljeberg

  3. Thinnect, Inc., Sunnyvale, California, USA

    Jürgo-Sören Preden

  4. Institute of Computer Technology, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria

    Axel Jantsch

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Sousa, P.R., Antunes, L., Martins, R. (2018). The Present and Future of Privacy-Preserving Computation in Fog Computing. In: Rahmani, A., Liljeberg, P., Preden, JS., Jantsch, A. (eds) Fog Computing in the Internet of Things. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57639-8_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57639-8_4

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  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-57639-8

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