Abstract
Within Anglo-Saxon society , individuals obtained their status on the basis of their ability to undertake required and prescribed social roles . People experiencing impairment, be that as a result of disease or some other process including trauma or pregnancy, might thus have reduced ability to undertake socially required activities. These people would have been highly visible within contemporary society by their very inability to undertake all required roles. These ideas are explored using a cluster of inhumations from the early Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Great Chesterford. Cemetery topography, visibility of difference, liminality , and etiology are explored in order to suggest the importance of the development of a sample-based approach to osteobiography. These might then be used to establish local understandings of disability, whereby individuals are viewed as people with focus placed on ability.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aspöck, E. (2015). Funerary and post-depositional body treatments at the Middle Anglo-Saxon Cemetery Winnall II: Norm, variety—And deviance? In: Z. L. Devlin & E-J. Graham (Eds.), Death embodied: Archaeological approaches to the treatment of the corpse (pp. 86–108). Oxford: Oxbow.
Bonser, W. (1963). The medical background of Anglo-Saxon England: A study in history, psychology, and Folklore. London: The Welcome Historical Medical Library.
Bourke, J. (2014). The story of pain: From prayer to Painkiller. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Boutin, A. T. (2016). Exploring the social construction of disability: An application of the bioarchaeology of personhood model to a pathological skeleton from ancient Bahrain. International Journal of Paleopathology, 12, 17–28.
Buckberry, J. (2007). On sacred ground: Social identity and churchyard burial in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire, c. 700–1100 AD. In: H. Williams & S. Semple (Eds.), Early medieval mortuary practices (pp. 120–132). Anglo-Saxon studies in archaeology and history (Vol 14). Oxford: Oxbow.
Buckberry, J. (2014). Osteological evidence of corporeal and capital punishment in Later Anglo-Saxon England. In: J. P. Gates & N. Marafioti (Eds.), Capital and corporal punishment in Anglo-Saxon England (pp. 131–148). Anglo-Saxon Studies 23. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.
Buckberry, J. L., & Hadley, D. M. (2007). An Anglo-Saxon execution cemetery and Walkington Wold, Yorkshire. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 26, 309–329.
Craig, E., & Craig, G. (2013). The diagnosis and context of a facial deformity from an Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Spofforth, North Yorkshire. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 23, 631–639.
Crawford, S. (1991). When do Anglo-Saxon children count? Journal of Theoretical Archaeology, 2, 17–24.
Crawford, S. (2010). Differentiation in Later Anglo-Saxon burial ritual on the basis of mental or physical impairment. In J. Buckberry & A. Cherryson (Eds.), Burial in Later Anglo-Saxon England c 650-1100 (pp. 93–102). Oxford: Oxbow.
Cross, M. (1999). Accessing the inaccessible: Disability and archaeology. Archaeological Review from Cambridge, 15, 7–30.
Davis, A. M., Perrucio, A. V., Ibrahim, S., Hogg-Johnson, S., Wong, R., & Badley, E. M. (2012). Understanding recovery: Changes in the relationships of the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) components over time. Social Science and Medicine, 75, 1999–2006.
Dawes, J. D. (1980). The Human Bones. In: J. D. Dawes & J. R. Magilton (Eds.) The cemetery of St Helen-on-the-Walls, Aldwark. The archaeology of York The Medieval Cemeteries 12/1 (pp. 19–82). Council for British Archaeology.
Demaitre, L. (2013). Medieval medicine: The art of healing, from head to toe. Santa Barbara: Praeger.
Dettwyler, K. A. (1991). Can paleopathology provide evidence of “compassion”? American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 84, 375–384.
Devlin, Z. L. (2015). ‘(Un)touched by decay’: Anglo-Saxon encounters with dead bodies. In: Z. L. Devlin & E-J. Graham (Eds.), Death embodied: Archaeological approaches to the treatment of the corpse (pp. 63–85). Oxford: Oxbow.
DeWitte, S. N., & Stojanowski, C. M. (2015). The osteological paradox 20 years later: Past perspectives, future directions. Journal of Archaeological Research, 23(4), 397–450.
Draper, J. (1986). Excavations at great Chesterford, Essex, 1953-5. Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, 75, 3–41.
Duday, H. (2009). The archaeology of the dead: Lectures in archaeothanatology (A. M. Cipriani & J. Pearce, Trans.). Oxford: Oxbow.
Duday, H., Courtaud, P., Crubezy, E., Sellier, P., & Tillier, A. M. (1990). L’Anthropologie «de terrain»: reconnaissance et interprétation des gestes funéraires. Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris, 2(3), 29–49.
Equality Act. (2010). http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents. HM Government.
Evison, V. (1994). An Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Great Chesterford, Essex. CBA Research Report 91.
Fiorato, V., Boylston, A., & Knüsel, C. (Eds.). (2007). Blood red roses. Oxford: Oxbow.
Fitzpatrick, A. P., Laidlaw, M., Cook, B. J., McKinley, J. I., & Wells, N. A. (2001). An unusual early 17th century burial at the Roman villa at Pinglestone Farm, Old Alresford. Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club & Archaeological Society, 56, 219–228.
Gates, J. P., & Marafioti, N. (Eds.). (2014). Capital and corporal punishment in Anglo-Saxon England. Anglo-Saxon Studies 23. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.
Goffman, E. (1990 [1963]). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. London: Penguin.
Hadley, D. M. (2010). Burying the socially and physically distinctive in Later Anglo Saxon England. In J. Buckberry & A. Cherryson (Eds.), Burial in later Anglo-Saxon England c 650–1100 (pp. 103–115). Oxford: Oxbow.
Hadley, D. M., & Buckberry, J. (2005). Caring for the dead in late Anglo-Saxon England. In F. Tinti (Ed.), Pastoral care in late Anglo-Saxon (pp. 121–147). Boydell: Woodbridge.
Haggard, H. W. (1932). The lame, the halt, and the blind: The vital role of medicine in the history of civilisation. New York: Harper & Brothers.
Inskip, S. A., Taylor, G. M., Zakrzewski, S. R., Mays, S., Pike, A. W. G., Llewellyn, G., et al. (2015). Osteological, biomolecular and geochemical examination of an early Anglo-Saxon case of Lepromatous Leprosy. PLoS ONE, 10(5), e0124282.
Lee, C. (2008). Forever young: Child burial in Anglo-Saxon England. In: S. Lewis Simpson (Ed.), Northern world: Youth and age in the medieval north (pp. 17–36). Leiden: Brill.
Lucy, S. (2000). The Anglo-Saxon way of death. Stroud: Sutton.
Marafioti, N., & Gates, J. P. (2014). Introduction. In: J. P. Gates & N. Marafioti (Eds.), Capital and corporal punishment in Anglo-Saxon England (pp. 1–16). Anglo-Saxon Studies 23. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.
Masala, C., & Petretto, D. R. (2008). From disablement to enablement: Conceptual models of disability in the 20th century. Disability and Rehabilitation, 30, 1233–1244.
Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962). The phenomenology of perception. London: Routledge.
Metzler, I. (2006). Disability in medieval Europe: Thinking about physical impairment during the high Middle Ages, c. 1100–1400. London: Routledge.
Metzler, I. (2013). A social history of disability in the middle ages: Cultural considerations of physical impairment. London: Routledge.
Murphy, R. F. (1990). The body silent. London: Norton & Company.
Oliver, M. (1983). Social work with disabled people. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Reynolds, A. (2009). Anglo-Saxon deviant burial customs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Robb, J. (2002). Time and biography: Osteobiography of the Italian neolithic lifespan. In Y. Hamilakis, M. Pluciennik, & S. Tarlow (Eds.), Thinking through the body: Archaeologies of corporeality (pp. 153–171). New York: Kluwer/Plenum.
Roberts, C. (1999). Disability in the skeletal record: Assumptions, problems and some examples. Archaeological Review from Cambridge, 15, 79–97.
Roberts, C. A. (2000). Did they take sugar? The use of skeletal evidence in the study of disability in past populations. In: J. Hubert (Ed.), Madness, disability and social exclusion (pp. 46–59). One World Archaeology 40. London: Routledge.
Roberts, C., & Cox, M. (2003). Health and disease in Britain: From prehistory to the present day. Stroud: Sutton.
Roberts, C., & Manchester, K. (1995). The archaeology of disease. Stroud: Alan Sutton.
Rothauser, B. C. L. (2007). Winter in Heorot: Looking at Anglo-Saxon perceptions of age and kingship through the character of Hrothgar. In A. Classen (Ed.), Old age in the middle ages and the renaissance: Interdisciplinary approaches to a neglected topic (pp. 103–120). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Sayer, D. (2009). Laws, funerals and cemetery organisation: The seventh-century Kentish family. In D. Sayer & H. Williams (Eds.), Mortuary practices and social identities in the middle ages: Essays in burial archaeology in honour of Heinrich Härke (pp. 141–169). Exeter: University of Exeter Press.
Shakespeare, T. (2006). Disability rights and wrongs. London: Routledge.
Shapland, F., Lewis, M., & Watts, R. (2015). The lives and deaths of young medieval women: The osteological evidence. Medieval Archaeology, 59, 272–289.
Shilling, C. (2012). The body & social theory. London: Sage.
Stodder, A. L. W., & Palkovich, A. M. (Eds.). (2012). The bioarchaeology of individuals. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
Stoodley, N. (1999). The spindle and the spear: A critical enquiry into the construction and meaning of gender in the early Anglo-Saxon burial rite (Vol. 288). Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
Stoodley, N. (2002). Multiple burials, multiple meanings? Interpreting the early Anglo-Saxon multiple interment. In S. J. Lucy & A. Reynolds (Eds.), Burial in early medieval England and Wales (pp. 103–121). London: Society for Medieval Archaeology.
Talbot, C. H. (1967). Medicine in Medieval England. London: Oldbourne.
Thomas, C. (2007). Sociologies of disability and Illness contested ideas in disability studies and medical sociology. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Tilley, L., & Cameron, T. (2014). Introducing the index of care: A web-based application supporting archaeological research into health-related care. International Journal of Paleopathology, 6, 5–9.
Tilley, L., & Oxenham, M. F. (2011). Survival against the odds: Modeling the social implications of care provision to seriously disabled individuals. International Journal of Paleopathology, 1(1), 35–42.
Tremain, S. (2002). On the subject of impairment. In M. Corker & T. Shakespeare (Eds.), Disability/postmodernity: Embodying disability theory (pp. 32–47). London: Continuum.
Vrebos, J. (1986). Cleft lip surgery in Anglo-Saxon Britain: The Leech Book (circa AD 920). Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 77, 850–853.
Waldron, T. (1994a). Counting the dead: The epidemiology of skeletal populations. Chichester: John Wiley.
Waldron, T. (1994b). The human remains. In: V. Evison (Ed.), An Anglo-Saxon cemetery at great Chesterford, Essex (pp. 52–66). CBA Research Report 91.
Waldron, T. (2007). Palaeoepidemiology: The measure of disease in the human past. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.
World Health Organization. (2011). WHO international classification of functioning. Geneva: Disability and Health (ICF).
Williams, H. (2006). Death and memory in early medieval Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Williams, H. (2009). On display: Envisioning the early Anglo-Saxon dead. In D. Sayer & H. Williams (Eds.), Mortuary practices and social identities in the middle ages: Essays in burial archaeology in honour of Heinrich Härke (pp. 170–206). Exeter: University of Exeter Press.
Wood, J. W., Milner, G. R., Harpending, H. C., & Weiss, K. M. (1992). The osteological paradox: Problems of inferring prehistoric health from skeletal samples [and comments and reply]. Current Anthropology, 33(4), 343–370.
Wright, L. E., & Yoder, C. J. (2003). Recent progress in bioarchaeology: Approaches to the osteological paradox. Journal of Archaeological Research, 11(1), 43–70.
Zakrzewski, S. R. (2014). Palaeopathology, disability and bodily impairments. In R. Metcalfe, J. Cockitt, & R. David (Eds.), Palaeopathology in Egypt and Nubia: A century in review (pp. 57–68). Oxford: Archaeopress Egyptology.
Zakrzewski, S. R. (2015). “Behind every mask there is a face, and behind that a story”. Egyptian bioarchaeology and ancient identities. In: S. Ikram, J. Kaiser, & R. Walker (Eds.), Egyptian bioarchaeology: Humans, animals, and the environment (pp. 157–167). Leiden: Sidestone Press.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Dr Simon Mays, Dr Joanna Sofaer and Dr Jo Buckberry for their comments and insightful conversation over our studies of the Great Chesterford cemetery. We would like to thank Dr Kathy Dettwyler for helpful discussions in theorizing and framing this work. And finally our thanks go again to the editors and the two anonymous reviewers for their very helpful comments on an earlier draft of this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zakrzewski, S., Evelyn-Wright, S., Inskip, S. (2017). Anglo-Saxon Concepts of Dis/Ability: Placing Disease at Great Chesterford in Its Wider Context. In: Byrnes, J., Muller, J. (eds) Bioarchaeology of Impairment and Disability. Bioarchaeology and Social Theory. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56949-9_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56949-9_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-56948-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-56949-9
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)