Skip to main content

Whale and Dolphin Watching, and Visitors’ Experiential Responses: A Qualitative Study on Comments in a Travel Forum

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Wildlife Tourism, Environmental Learning and Ethical Encounters

Part of the book series: Geoheritage, Geoparks and Geotourism ((GGAG))

Abstract

This chapter will consider the history of whale and dolphin watching as a tourism activity, based on visitors’ experiences. The analysis was based on 468 visitors’ comments on a familiar travel forum under the four categories developed in Ballantyne, Packer and Sutherland’s research in (Tourism Management 32(4):770–779, 2011b). These categories are sensory impressions, emotional affinity, reflective response, and behavioural response. The comments were analysed using a content analysis method. It was found that the behavioural response dimension reported by visitors was lower than the other experience dimensions. The study concluded with some suggestions for both business owners and wildlife tourism researchers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    “Cetacean” comes from the Latin “cetus” (whale) and Greek “ketos” (huge-fish) and, particularly in the literature, refers to whales and dolphins (O’Neill et al. 2004; Filby et al. 2015; Higham et al. 2016).

References

  • Altinay L, Paraskevas A (2008) Planning research in hospitality and tourism. Elsevier, Burlington, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Argüelles MB, Coscarella M, Fazia A, Bertellotti M (2016) Impact of whale watching on the short-term behaviour of Southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) in Patagonia, Argentina. Tourism Manage Perspect 18:118–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ballantyne R, Packer J, Hughes K, Dierking L (2007) Conservation learning in wildlife tourism settings: lessons from research in zoos and aquariums. Environ Educ Res 13(3):367–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ballantyne R, Packer J, Falk J (2011a) Visitors’ learning for environmental sustainability: testing short-and long-term impacts of wildlife tourism experiences using structural equation modelling. Tourism Manage 32(6):1243–1252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ballantyne R, Packer J, Sutherland LA (2011b) Visitors’ memories of wildlife tourism: implications for design of powerful interpretive experiences. Tourism Manage 32(4):770–779

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beardsworth A, Bryman A (2001) The wild animal in late modernity: the case of the disneyization of zoos. Tourism Stud 1(1):83–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bullbeck C (1999) The ‘nature dispositions’ of visitors to animal encounter sites in Australia and New Zealand. J Soc 35(2):129–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buultjens J, Ratnayke I, Gnanapala A (2016) Whale watching in Sri Lanka: perceptions of sustainability. Tourism Manage Perspect 18:125–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen CL (2011) From catching to watching: moving towards quality assurance of whale/dolphin watching tourism in Taiwan. Mar Policy 35(1):10–17

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen JS, Kerstetter DL, Graefe AR (2001) Tourists’ reasons for visiting industrial heritage sites. J Hosp Leisure Mark 8(1/2):19–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen A, Needham MD, Rowe S (2009) Whale watchers’ past experience, value orientations, and awareness of consequences of actions on the marine environment. Tourism Mar Environ 5(4):271–285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cisneros-Montemayor AM, Sumaila UR, Kaschner K, Pauly D (2010) The global potential for whale watching. Mar Policy 34:1273–1278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cloke P, Perkins HC (2005) Cetacean performance and tourism in Kaikoura, New Zealand. Environ Plann D: Soc Space 23(6):903–924

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen E (2009) The wild and the humanized: animals in Thai tourism. Anatolia 20(1):100–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen E (2012) Tiger tourism: from shooting to petting. Tourism Recreat Res 37(3):193–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen E (2014) Recreational hunting: ethics, experiences and commoditization. Tourism Recreat Res 39(1):3–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Constantine R, Bejder L (2008) Managing the whale- and dolphin-watching industry: time for a paradigm shift. In: Higham JE, Lück M (eds) Marine wildlife and tourism management: insights from the natural and social sciences. CABI, London, pp 321–334

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtin S (2005) Nature, wild animals and tourism: an experiential view. J Ecotourism 4(1):1–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curtin S (2010) What makes for memorable wildlife encounters? Revelations from ‘serious’ wildlife tourists. J Ecotour 9(2):149–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeMares R (2000) Human peak experience triggered by encounters with cetaceans. Anthrozoos 13(2):89–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Einarsson N (2009) From good to eat yo good to watch: whale watching, adaptation and change in Icelandic fishing communities. Polar Res 28(1):129–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fennell DA (2012) Tourism and animal ethics. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Filby NE, Stockin KA, Scarpaci C (2015) Social science as a vehicle to improve dolphin-swim tour operation compliance? Mar Policy 51:40–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finkler W, Higham J (2004) The human dimensions of whale watching: an analysis based on viewing platforms. Hum Dimensions Wildl 9(2):103–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guerra M, Dawson SM (2016) Boat-based tourism and bottlenose dolphins in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand: the role of management in decreasing dolphin-boat interactions. Tourism Manage 57:3–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall CM, Valentin A (2005) Content analysis. In: Ritchie B, Burns P, Palmer C (eds) Tourism research methods. CABI, Oxfordshire, pp 191–209

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall DR, Brown F (2006) Tourism and welfare: ethics, responsibility and sustained well-being. CABI, Oxfordshire

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Higginbottom K (2004) Wildlife tourism: an introduction. In: Higginbottom K (ed) Wildlife tourism: impacts, management and planning. Common Ground Publishing in Assocation with the CRC for Sustainable Tourism, Gold Coast Australia, pp 1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Higham JE, Carr AM (2003) Sustainable wildlife tourism in New Zealand: an analysis of visitor experiences. Hum Dimensions Wildl 8(1):25–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyt E (1995) The worldwide value and extent of whale watching 1995. Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society, Bath, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoyt E (2000) Whale watching 2000: worldwide tourism numbers, expenditures and expanding socioeconomic benefits. International Fund for Animal Welfare, Crowborough, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoyt E (2001) Whale watching 2001: world tourism numbers, expenditures, and expanding socioeconomic benefits. International Fund for Animal Welfare, Yarmouth, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoyt E, Hvenegaard GT (2002) A rewiev of whale-watching and whaling with applications for the Caribbean. Coast Manage 30(4):381–399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • International Fund for Animal Welfare (2009) Whale watching worldwide: tourism numbers, expenditures and expanding economic benefits. http://www.ifaw.org/sites/default/files/whale_watching_worldwide.pdf. Accessed 19 June 2016

  • International Whaling Commission (1994) Forty-fifth report of the International Whaling Commission. IWC, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Higham JES, Bejder L, Allen SJ, Corkeron PJ, Lusseau D (2016) Managing whale-watching as a non-lethal consumptive activity. J Sustain Tourism 24(1):73–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalof L (2007) Looking at animals in human history. Reaktion Books, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellert SR, Berry JK (1987) Attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors toward wildlife as affected by gender. Wildl Soc Bull 15(3):363–371

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim JH, Ritchie JRB, McCormick B (2012) Development of a scale to measure memorable tourism experience. J Travel Res 51(1):12–25

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Markwell K (ed) (2015) Animals and tourism: understanding diverse relationships. Aspects of tourism, vol 67. Channel View Publications, Bristol

    Google Scholar 

  • Minister of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (1999) Whales, dolphins & porpoises of British Columbia, Canada. www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/241969.pdf. Accessed 18 June 2016

  • New LF, Hall AJ, Harcourt R, Kaufman G, Parsons ECM, Pearson HC, Cosentino AM, Schick RS (2015) The modelling and assessment of whale-watching impacts. Ocean Coast Manage 115:10–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Notzke C (2014) Wild horse-based tourism as wildlife tourism: the wild horse as the other. Curr Issues Tourism 19(12):1235–1259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor S, Campell R, Cortez H, Knowles T (2009) Whale watching worldwide: tourism numbers, expenditures and expanding economic benefits. International Fund for Animal Welfare, Yarmouth, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill F, Barnard S, Lee D (2004) Best practice and interpretation in tourist/wildlife encounters: a wild dolphin swim tour example. Wildlife tourism research report, No 25. Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre, Gold Coast, Queensland

    Google Scholar 

  • Orams MB (1996) Using interpretation to manage nature-based tourism. J Sustain Tourism 4(2):81–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orams MB (1997) The effectiveness of environmental education: can we turn tourists into ‘greenies’? Prog Tourism Hosp Res 3(4):295–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orams MB (2000) Tourist getting close to whales, is it what whale-watching is all about? Tourism Manage 21(6):561–569

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orams MB (2001) From whale hunting to whale watching in Tonga: a sustainable future? J Sustain Tourism 9(2):128–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orams MB (2002) Feeding wildlife as a tourism attraction: a review of the issues and impacts. Tourism Manage 23(3):281–293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orams MB, Forestell PH (1995) From whale harvesting to whale watching: Tangalooma 30 years on. Recent Adv Mar Sci Technol 94:667–673

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons ECM, Warburton CA, Woods-Ballard A, Hughes A, Johnston P (2003a) The value of conserving whales: the impacts of cetacean-related tourism on the economy of rural West Scotland. Aquat Conserv 13(5):397–415

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parsons ECM, Warburton CA, Woods-Ballard A, Hughes A, Johnston P, Bates H, Lück M (2003b) Whale-watching tourists in West Scotland. J Ecotourism 2(2):93–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce PL (1988) The ulysses factor: evaluating visitors in tourist settings. Springer-Verlag, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pratt S, Suntikul W (2016) Can marine wildlife tourism provide an ‘edutaining’ experience? J Travel Tourism Mark 33(6):867–884

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds PC, Braithwaite D (2001) Towards a conceptual framework for wildlife tourism. Tourism Manage 22(1):31–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shackley M (1996) Wildlife tourism. International Thomson Business Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Shani A (2013) Differentiating settings of tourist-animal interactions: an anthrozoological perspective. Tourism Recreat Res 38(1):104–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shani A, Pizam A (2009) Tourists’ attitudes toward the use of animals in tourist attractions. Tourism Anal 14(1):85–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stepchenkova S (2012) Content analysis. In: Dwyer L, Gill A, Seetaram N (eds) Handbook of research methods in tourism: quantitative and qualitative approaches. Edward Elgar Publishing, UK, pp 443–457

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun X (2014) A content analysis of ecotourism attributes of New Zealand whale and dolphin watching operators’ presence on the Internet. Unpublished master thesis of International Tourism Management, School of Hospitality and Tourism, Auckland University, New Zealand

    Google Scholar 

  • Tribe A, Booth R (2003) Assessing the role of zoos in wildlife conservation. Hum Dimensions Wildl 8(1):65–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tung VWS, Ritchie JRB (2011) Exploring the essence of memorable tourism experiences. Ann Tourism Res 38(4):1367–1386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United Nations World Tourism Organization (2014) Towards measuring the economic value of wildlife watching tourism in Africa. Briefing paper. http://sdt.unwto.org/content/unwto-briefing-paper-towards-measuring-economic-value-wildlife-watching-tourism-africa. Accessed 14 June 2016

  • US Fish and Wild Service (2011) National survey of fishing, hunting and wildlife-associated recreation. https://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/fhw11-nat.pdf. Accessed 18 June 2016

  • Valentine PS, Birtles A, Curnock M, Arnold P, Dunstan A (2004) Getting closer to whales-passenger expectations and experiences and the management of swim with dwarf minke whale interactions in the Great Barrier Reef. Tourism Manage 25(6):647–655

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wearing SL, Cunningham PA, Schweinsberg S, Jobberns C (2014) Whale watching as ecotourism: how sustainable is it? Cosmopolitan Civil Soc J 6(1):38–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Webber S, Carter M, Smith W, Vetere F (2016) Interactive technology and human–animal encounters at the zoo. Int J Hum-Comput Stud (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Whale and Dolphin Conservation (2016) Whaling. http://us.whales.org/wdc-in-action/whaling. Accessed 13 June 2016

  • Woods-Ballard AJ, Parsons ECM, Hughes AJ, Velander KA, Ladle RJ, Warburton CA (2003) The sustainability of whale-watching in Scotland. J Sustain Tourism 11(1):40–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yagi C (2001) How tourists see other tourists: analysis of online travelogues. J Tourism Stud 12(2):22–31

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Serhat Harman .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Harman, S., Emre Dilek, S. (2017). Whale and Dolphin Watching, and Visitors’ Experiential Responses: A Qualitative Study on Comments in a Travel Forum. In: Borges de Lima, I., Green, R. (eds) Wildlife Tourism, Environmental Learning and Ethical Encounters. Geoheritage, Geoparks and Geotourism. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55574-4_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics