Abstract
Two Brazilian stories highlight why proper IP management is important for firms to develop a competitive advantage supported on a better use of the IP institutions. The first one involves the licensing of biodegradable chemical technology developed at the Chemistry Institute of Universidad de Campinas (Brazil) successfully licensed to Contech in 2007 by its tech transfer office, Agencia de Innovación Inova Unicamp. The patented technology contributed decisively to ensuring Contech’s leadership in the market by giving her time savings, as the production of paper could go on without the need to stop the machine for maintenance. The mechanical system applied biodegradable chemicals for pulp and paper machinery that did not hold up the production process. In return, the licensing agreement increased Inova’s budget, in a win-win situation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Contech – News, http://www.contechbrasil.com/eng/novidades.asp?filtro=9/2014 (accessed December 20, 2016)
- 2.
This model follows the systems theory. Leydesdorff explains: “In the Triple Helix model of the knowledge-based economy, the main institutions have first been defined as university, industry, and government (Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff 1995). However, these institutional carriers of an innovation system can be expected to entertain a dually layered network: one layer of institutional relations in which they constrain each other’s behavior, and another layer of functional relations in which they shape each other’s expectations. For example, the function of university-industry relations can be performed by different institutional arrangements such as transfer offices, spin-off companies, licensing agreements, etc. The institutional relations provide us with network data, but the functions in a knowledge-based economy are to be analyzed in terms of the transformative dynamics. The knowledge base of an economy can be considered as a specific configuration of the structure of expectations which feeds back as a transformation mechanism on the institutional arrangements.” See, The Knowledge-Based Economy and the Triple Helix Model, http://www.leydesdorff.net/arist09/arist09.pdf (accessed December 20, 2016).
- 3.
In addition to the Bayn-Dole Act, this ecosystem was reinforced by three key institutional changes. First, in 1982, a specialized appeals court that from the beginning had a pro-patent approach was created. Second, the Antitrust Division of the Justice Department amended its hostile attitude to intellectual property rights, emphasizing the benefits of innovation dynamic versus static monopoly costs. Finally, pharmaceutical, audiovisual and software industries ensured that the US government would link international trade with the strengthening of intellectual property rights. On the effect of Bayn-Dole growth, see Cimoli and Primi (2008: 42).
- 4.
- 5.
Data available at Gust Global Accelerator: http://gust.com/global-accelerator-report-2015/.
- 6.
See Sect. 1.3.
- 7.
- 8.
Another study by the OECD (2013: 26) also indicates that the growth of innovation in Latin America and the Caribbean is slower than in OECD countries. While in Latin America, investment in R + D + i grew on average 0.5% (2004) of GDP to 0.63% (2009), in OECD countries it grew from 2.2% to 2.4% for the same period. Countries with relatively larger markets like Brazil, Mexico or Argentina tend to concentrate the bulk of innovation produced in the region. Brazil accounts for 50% of patents filed by companies resident in a country of the region, but even in this case, the net income from patent licensing is negative.
- 9.
Among those exceptions one can identify the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). This U.S. government agency targets technologies with high innovative capacity, that is, transformational innovations, as opposed to incremental innovations.
- 10.
In this paragraph one could hear the overtones of Miguel de Unamuno’s sentence “let them be the ones to invent”, who clearly was wrong in his appraisal about the roots of innovation and industrial growth (De Leon 2016).
Bibliography
Almeida, Mariza, Jose Manoel Carvalho de Mello, and Henry Etzkowitz. "Social innovation in a developing country: invention and diffusion of the Brazilian cooperative incubator." International Journal of Technology and Globalisation 6.3 (2012): 206-224.
AUTM (2016) Bayh-Dole Act Landmark Law Helped Universities Lead the Way. https://www.autm.net/advocacy-topics/government-issues/bayh-dole-act/. Retrieved 20 Dec 2016
Boettiger S, Bennett AB (2006) Bayh-Dole: if we knew then what we know now. Nat Biotechnol 24:320–323
Brassell M, King K (2013) Banking on IP?: The role of intellectual property and intangible assets in facilitating business finance. Published by The Intellectual Property Office of the United Kingdom. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/312008/ipresearch-bankingip.pdf. Accessed Jan 2017
Carnicelli L (2015) South American business incubators – facts & figures. Ubi Global, Blog, Apr 10. http://ubi-global.com/south-american-incubators/
Cimoli M, Primi A (2008) Propiedad Intelectual y desarrollo: una interpretación de los (nuevos) mercados del conocimiento. In: Piva JMM (ed) Generación y protección del conocimiento: propiedad intelectual, innovación y desarrollo económico. CEPAL, México
De Leon I (2016) Que inventen ellos: El Mal dia de Don Miguel de Unamuno. In: Blog Puntos sobre la i. BID, Washington, DC
European Commission (2015) A single market strategy for Europe – analysis and evidence. Commission Staff Working Document, SWD(2015) 202 final, Brussels, 28 Oct 2015. http://ec.europa.eu/DocsRoom/documents/14012?locale=fr
Etzkowitz, Henry. The triple helix of university-industry-government: implications for policy and evaluation. Swedish Institute for Studies in Education and Research, 2002.
Etzkowitz, Henry, and Loet Leydesdorff. "The Triple Helix--University-industry-government relations: A laboratory for knowledge based economic development." (1995).
Greenstone M, Looney A (2011) A dozen economic facts about innovation. The Hamilton Project, Policy Memo, August 2011, Brookings Institute. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/08_innovation_greenstone_looney.pdf. Retrieved 3 Jan 2017
Gust and Fundacity (2015) replace with footnote: “data available at Gust Global Accelerator: http://gust.com/global-accelerator-report-2015/”
Gorschek, T., Garre, P., Larsson, S., & Wohlin, C. (2006). A model for technology transfer in practice. IEEE software, 23(6), 88-95.
Hagiu A, Yoffie DB (2013) The new patent intermediaries: platforms, defensive aggregators, and super-aggregators. J Econ Perspect 27(1):45–66
Ingvarsson M (2013) North–South and South–South technology transfer: a conceptual framework. Working paper 02/2013, Business Investment Technology Services, UNIDO
Karsten J, West DM (2015) Start-Up Chile: a “start-up for start-ups” in Chilecon Valley, Brookings Institute, TechTank, August 19. http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/techtank/posts/2015/08/19-startup-chile-chilecon-valley. Reviewed 28 July 2016
Khalil MA, Olafsen E (2009) Enabling innovative entrepreneurship through business incubation. In: Claros AL (ed) The innovation for development report 2009–2010. Palgrave Mcmillan, London
Larsson et al. (2006) replace with Gorschek et al. (2006)
Lasagabaster E, Reddy R (2010) Supporting innovation in Latin America and the Caribbean: successful examples of technology transfer promotion, 164 En Breve, November
Lerner J, Leamon A, Tighe J, Garcia-Robles S (2014) Adding value through venture capital in Latin America and the Caribbean, Working Paper, Harvard Business School
Leydesdorff, Loet, and Martin Meyer. "A reply to Etzkowitz’comments to Leydesdorff and Martin (2010): technology transfer and the end of the Bayh–Dole effect." Scientometrics 97.3 (2013): 927-934.
Leydesdorff, Loet, Henry Etzkowitz, and Duncan Kushnir. "Globalization and growth of US university patenting (2009–2014)." Industry and Higher Education 30.4 (2016): 257-266.
Masnick M (2013) Patenting university research has been a dismal failure, enabling patent trolling. It’s time to stop, www.techdirt.com at https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20131122/01322825335/patenting-university-research-has-been-dismal-failure-enabling-patent-trolling-its-time-to-stop.shtml
Nguyen-Dinh L (2016) IP finance and securitisation: the development of IP financing offers. Presentation given at the European Union, Brussels, 14 June 2016. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/jrcsh/files/20160616-ipexchangeandfinance-nguyendinh_en.pdf. Retrieved 3 Jan 2017
OECD (2013) Innovation in Latin America. OECD Observer No 296 Q3 2013 en. http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/4231/Innovation_in_Latin_America.html
OECD (2015) Enquiries into intellectual Property’s economic impact. OECD, Paris
Pratt MR (2015) New venture finance: startup funding for entrepreneurs. University of Maryland, Coursera. https://class.coursera.org/venturefinance-005
Pressman L, Roessner D, Bond J, Okubo S, Planting M (2012) The economic contribution of university/nonprofit inventions in the United States: 1996–2010. Biotechnology Industry Organization. https://www.bio.org/sites/default/files/Biopercent20Economicpercent20Impactpercent202012percent20Junepercent2020.pdf
Singapore IP Steering Committee (2013) Intellectual Property (IP) Hub Master Plan: Developing Singapore as a Global IP Hub in Asia, Apr. https://www.ipos.gov.sg/Portals/0/Press%20Release/IP%20HUB%20MASTER%20PLAN%20REPORT%202%20APR%202013.pdf. Retrieved 4 Jan 2017
Thorn K, Soo M (2006) Latin American universities and the third mission: trends, Challenges and policy options, World Bank policy research working paper 4002, World Bank, Washington, DC
Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2015–2016. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/
Valdivia W (2014a), Technology transfer: highly dependent on university resources. TechTank, Improving Technology Policy, Brooking, 4 Mar 2014a
Valdivia W (2014b) Tech transfer in the groves of academe. Innovation 12(1)
World Bank. 2014. World Development Report 2015 : Risk and Opportunity—Managing Risk for Development. Washington, DC.
The World Bank, World Development Indicators (2015). Retrieved from: http://data.worldbank.org/
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
De Leon, I., Fernandez Donoso, J. (2017). Government Strategies Towards IP Management. In: Innovation, Startups and Intellectual Property Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54906-4_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54906-4_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-54905-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-54906-4
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)