Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Research and Development

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Dependent Growth: Foreign Investment and the Development of the Automotive Industry in East-Central Europe

Abstract

This chapter examines the development of corporate research and development (R&D) in the automotive industry of East-Central Europe (ECE) in the context of the internationalization of corporate R&D generally and the automotive industry R&D specifically. Driven by large inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) since the early 1990s, vehicle assembly and the production of automotive components grew significantly in ECE. I investigate to what extent these production increases have also led to the development of automotive R&D as an example of a higher value-added function of the automotive value chain. I provide a more detailed analysis of the Czech automotive R&D because of its prominent position in ECE. Despite a modest growth, my analysis uncovers inherent weaknesses of automotive R&D in ECE and strong barriers to its future development related to its peripheral position in the European and global automotive production networks.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    R&D is composed of basic research, applied research and development. In industry, basic research advances scientific knowledge without having specific immediate commercial applications in mind. Only a very low percentage of R&D performed by automotive firms is truly basic research. Applied research also advances scientific knowledge but for specific commercial objectives. Its goal is to apply scientific advances to specific products, processes and services. Development refers to the systematic use of the knowledge developed by research to advance production processes both in terms of methods of production and the nature of produced goods. It involves the new product design and development, including its adaptation to the local environment, the development of prototypes and the development of production processes (UNCTAD 2005).

  2. 2.

    Henceforth domestic-owned firms are referred to as “domestic” and foreign-owned firms as “foreign”.

  3. 3.

    Continental AG represents an example of R&D centralization for these exact reasons in the automotive industry. Continental centralized its R&D from its overseas subsidiaries to its corporate R&D center in Hannover, Germany in the early to mid-1990s (interview with CEO of Barum Continental, November 12, 2010).

  4. 4.

    Interview with the former director of the Research Institute of Motorized Vehicles, Prague, August 12, 2010.

  5. 5.

    In addition to automotive R&D conducted at vehicle assemblers, such as Škoda, former Czechoslovakia also had the centrally organized Research Institute of Motorized Vehicles in Prague. It employed about 630 workers in the 1980s. They conducted various research-related activities, such as the development of gearboxes. The number of workers at the Institute declined to about 100 after 1990, and the Institute was bought by German TÜV and transformed into a testing facility (interview with the former director of the Institute, Prague, August 12, 2010).

  6. 6.

    To compare automotive R&D in different EU countries, I have used data provided by the Eurostat Structural Business Statistics database for the narrowly defined automotive industry (NACE 34). In order to ensure the data compatibility in time series, I am using the classification of industrial sectors based on the NACE 1.1 revision up to 2007. Since this data is unavailable after 2007, I am using data for NACE Rev. 2 (C29) for 2013, which means that the 2013 data is not fully compatible with the pre-2008 data series. During the data analysis, I have found that some important automotive R&D establishments are not classified as NACE 34 and thus not included in the database. For example, Johnson Controls has an R&D center in the city of Trenčín of Western Slovakia, which is classified under NACE 73.1. It employed 377 workers in 2007. Its inclusion under NACE 34 would significantly affect automotive R&D data for Slovakia. Similarly, Ricardo Prague, which had 124 workers in 2007, is classified under NACE 74.2. MBtech Bohemia, which employed more than 160 researchers in Czechia in 2006 and 280 at three technology centers in Prague, Pilsen and Mladá Boleslav in 2010, is not included in the Eurostat database at all. All of these are stand-alone R&D centers not attached to a particular plant (see also Table 4.5), and I assume that they are classified the same way outside NACE 34 in all EU countries.

  7. 7.

    Denso’s technology center was opened in Liberec in 2007, and it represents the largest Japanese automotive R&D facility in Czechia. Its 40 workers are engaged in technical drawings, design and development of condensers, coolers, evaporators and other products for the parent company. It represents the lowest level of R&D facility in Denso’s R&D hierarchy (interview with the company director on October 25, 2010).

  8. 8.

    More recent data is not available.

  9. 9.

    More recent data is not available.

  10. 10.

    More recent data is not available.

  11. 11.

    The decisions about any Škoda investment exceeding EUR 15 million are made at VW’s headquarters. Škoda is involved in strategic planning but in “cooperation within the VW Group, and the parent company coordinates the strategic planning for its brands”. VW’s headquarters decide whether Škoda’s profits are transferred to headquarters or are reinvested at Škoda (Interview at Škoda Auto, Mladá Boleslav, June 30, 2005).

  12. 12.

    I am aware that too much proximity may negatively affect the innovation process (see Boschma 2005; Torre and Rallett 2005).

  13. 13.

    The differences in value capture capabilities between the Czech-based Škoda Auto and the German based VW and Audi were revealed during the distribution of 2010 bonuses. The bonus of Škoda Auto workers (EUR 129) was less than 2% of Audi’s (EUR 6500) and 3.2% of VW’s (EUR 4000), suggesting a disproportionate value capture at Audi and VW compared to Škoda. Audi accounted for about half of VW Group’s profits, VW for about one-third and Škoda for 6% in 2010. The main reason is the different value of cars assembled by these three assemblers. Audi’s luxury cars are three times as expensive as Škodas (Kaláb 2011).

  14. 14.

    Personal communication with Vincent Frigant, February 2, 2011.

  15. 15.

    Interview with the CEO of Visteon-Autopal, Nový Jičín, August 9, 2005.

  16. 16.

    Interviews at Visteon-Autopal, Nový Jičín, September 9, 2010 and August 9, 2005.

  17. 17.

    Interview at Bosch Diesel, Jihlava, July 7, 2005.

  18. 18.

    Interview at Škoda Auto, Mladá Boleslav, June 30, 2005.

  19. 19.

    SOR Libchavy, a small domestic bus maker, is the only notable exception to this general trend. SOR used to produce agricultural machines before 1990 but moved into assembling buses of its own design in the 1990s (inter-sectoral upgrading). SOR had 29 R&D workers and assembled 478 buses in 2010 (interview, October 14, 2010).

References

  • ACEA (2015) Facts about the automobile industry. European Automobile Manufacturers Association, Brussels

    Google Scholar 

  • Aitken BJ, Harrison AE (1999) Do domestic firms benefit from direct foreign investment? Evidence from Venezuela. Am Econ Rev 89(3):605–618

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ambos B (2005) Foreign direct investment in industrial research and development: a study of German MNCs. Research Policy 34(4):395–410

    Google Scholar 

  • Archibugi D, Iammarino S (2002) The globalization of technological innovation: definition and evidence. Rev Int Polit Econ 9(1):98–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asanuma B (1989) Manufacturer-supplier relationships in Japan and the concept of relation-specific skill. J Jpn Int Econ 3(1):1–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bathelt H, Malmberg A, Maskell P (2004) Clusters and knowledge: local buzz, global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation. Prog Hum Geogr 28(1):31–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bordenave G, Lung Y (1996) New spatial configurations in the European automobile industry. Eur Urban Reg Stud 3(4):305–321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boschma RA (2004) Competitiveness of regions from an evolutionary perspective. Reg Stud 38(9):1001–1014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boschma RA (2005) Proximity and innovation: a critical assessment. Reg Stud 39(1):61–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Britton JNH (1980) Industrial dependence and technological underdevelopment: Canadian consequences of foreign direct investment. Reg Stud 14(3):181–199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calabrese G (2001) R&D globalization in the car industry. Int J Automot Technol Manag 1(1):145–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cantwell JA, Dunning JH, Janne OEM (2004) Towards a technology-seeking explanation of U.S. direct investment in the United Kingdom. J Int Manag 10(1):5–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carrillo J, Lung Y, van Tulder R (2004) Cars, carriers of regionalism? Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Carrincazeaux C, Lung YN, Rallet A (2001) Proximity and localisation of corporate R&D activities. Res Policy 30(5):777–789

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coe NM, Hess M (2011) Local and regional development: a global production network approach. In: Pike A, Rodríguez-Pose A, Tomaney J (eds) Handbook of local and regional development. Routledge, London, pp 128–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Coe NM, Hess M, Yeung HWC, Dicken P, Henderson J (2004) ‘Globalizing’ regional development: a global production networks perspective. Trans Inst Br Geogr 29(4):468–484

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coe NM, Dicken P, Hess M (2008) Global production networks: realizing the potential. J Econ Geogr 8(3):271–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CSO (2010a) Annual survey of economic subjects in selected industries (for the years 1998, 2002, 2005, 2006 and 2007). The Czech Statistical Office, Prague

    Google Scholar 

  • CSO (2010b) Annual survey of research and development (for the period 1995–2007). The Czech Statistical Office, Prague

    Google Scholar 

  • CSO (2016) R&D indicators. 2016 ed. The Czech Statistical Office, Prague

    Google Scholar 

  • CzechInvest (1997) Škoda Automobilová a.s., part of the Volkswagen Group: CzechInvest Case Study. CzechInvest, Prague

    Google Scholar 

  • CzechInvest (2010) Investment support promised for technology centers and business support services from June 2001 to 1st August 2009. CzechInvest, Prague

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalton DH, Serapio MG (1999) Globalizing industrial research and development. U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, Office of Technology Policy, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Dannenberg J, Burgard J (2007) Car innovation 2015: a comprehensive study on innovation in the automotive industry. Oliver Wyman Automotive, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Dedrick J, Kraemer KL, Linden G (2010) Who profits from innovation in global value chains?: A study of the iPod and notebook PCs. Ind Corp Chang 19(1):81–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dias AVC, Salerno M (2004) International division of labour in product development activities: towards a selective decentralization? Int J Automot Technol Manag 4(2/3):223–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dicken P (1976) The multiplant business enterprise and geographical space: some issues in the study of external control and regional development. Reg Stud 10(4):401–412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dicken P (2015) Global shift: mapping the changing contours of the world economy. Sage, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunning JH, Wymbs C (1999) The geographical sourcing of technology-based assets by multinational enterprises. In: Archibugi D, Howells J, Michie J (eds) Innovation policy in a global economy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 185–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Edler J, Meyer-Krahmer F, Reger G (2002) Changes in the strategic management of technology: results of a global benchmarking study. R&D Manag 32(2):149–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst D (2002) Global production networks and the changing geography of innovation systems. Implications for developing countries. Econ Innov New Technol 11(6):497–523

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst D (2008) Innovation offshoring and Asia’s electronics industry—the new dynamics of global networks. Int J Technol Learn Innov Dev 1(4):551–576

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst D, Kim L (2002) Global production networks, knowledge diffusion, and local capability formation. Res Policy 31(8–9):1417–1429

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Etzkowitz H (2003) Innovation in innovation: the triple helix of university-industry-government relations. Soc Sci Inf Sur Les Sci Sociales 42(3):293–337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Etzkowitz H, Leydesdorff L (2000) The dynamics of innovation: from national systems and “Mode 2” to a triple helix of university-industry-government relations. Res Policy 29(2):109–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eurostat (2011) Structural business statistics: Annual detailed enterprise statistics—industry and construction. Eurostat

    Google Scholar 

  • Eurostat (2016) Structural business statistics: Annual detailed enterprise statistics—industry and construction. Eurostat

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagerberg J, Srholec M (2008) National innovation systems, capabilities and economic development. Res Policy 37(9):1417–1435

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Filippaios F, Papanastassiou M, Pearce R, Rama R (2009) New forms of organisation and R&D internationalisation among the world’s 100 largest food and beverages multinationals. Res Policy 38(6):1032–1043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Firn JR (1975) External control and regional development: the case of Scotland. Environ Plan A 7(4):393–414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Florida R (1997) The globalization of R&D: results of a survey of foreign-affiliated R&D laboratories in the USA. Res Policy 26(1):85–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Florida R, Kenney M (1994) The globalization of Japanese R&D: the economic geography of Japanese R&D investment in the United States. Econ Geogr 70(4):344–369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frigant V (2007) Between internationalisation and proximity: the internationalisation process of automotive first tier suppliers. Université Montesquieu Bordeaux, Bordeaux

    Google Scholar 

  • Frigant V, Layan JB (2009) Modular production and the new division of labour within Europe: the perspective of French automotive parts suppliers. Eur Urban Reg Stud 16(1):11–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gassmann O, von Zedtwitz M (1998) Organization of industrial R&D on a global scale. R&D Manag 28(3):147–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gassmann O, von Zedtwitz M (1999) New concepts and trends in international R&D organization. Res Policy 28(2–3):231–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gereffi G (1999) International trade and industrial upgrading in the apparel commodity chain. J Int Econ 48(1):37–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gereffi G, Humphrey J, Sturgeon T (2005) The governance of global value chains. Rev Int Polit Econ 12(1):78–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gertler MS (2003) Tacit knowledge and the economic geography of context, or the undefinable tacitness of being (there). J Econ Geogr 3(1):75–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerybadze A, Reger G (1999) Globalization of R&D: recent changes in the management of innovation in transnational corporations. Res Policy 28(2–3):251–274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Granstrand O (1999) Internationalization of corporate R&D: a study of Japanese and Swedish corporations. Res Policy 28(2–3):275–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Havas A (2000) Changing patterns of inter- and intra-regional division of labour: Central Europe’s Long and Winding Road. In: Humphrey J, Lecler Y, Salerno MS (eds) Global strategies and local realities; the auto industry in emerging markets. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, pp 234–262

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hayter R (1982) Truncation, the international firm and regional policy. Area 14(4):277–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson J, Dicken P, Hess M, Coe N, Yeung HWC (2002) Global production networks and the analysis of economic development. Rev Int Polit Econ 9(3):436–464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howells J (1990a) The globalisation of research and development: a new era of change? Sci Public Policy 17(5):273–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Howells J (1990b) The Internationalization of R&D and the development of global research networks. Reg Stud 24(6):495–512

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howells J (1990c) The location and organization of research and development: new horizons. Res Policy 19(2):133–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howells J (1996) Tacit knowledge, innovation and technology transfer. Tech Anal Strat Manag 8(2):91–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Howells J (1999) Regional systems of innovation? In: Archibugi D, Howells J, Michie J (eds) Innovation policy in a global economy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 67–93

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Howells J (2002) Tacit knowledge, innovation and economic geography. Urban Stud 39(5–6):871–884

    Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey J (2000) Assembler-supplier relations in the auto industry: globalisation and national development. Compet Chang 4(3):245–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey J (2003) Globalization and supply chain networks: the auto industry in Brazil and India. Global Netw 3(2):121–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey J, Memedovic O (2003) The global automotive industry value chain: what prospects for upgrading by developing countries. UNIDO, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey J, Schmitz H (2000) Governance and upgrading: linking industrial cluster and global value chain research. Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton

    Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey J, Schmitz H (2002) How does insertion in global value chains affect upgrading in industrial clusters? Reg Stud 36(9):1017–1027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey J, Schmitz H (2004a) Chain governance and upgrading: taking stock. In: Schmitz H (ed) Local enterprises in the global economy: issues of governance and upgrading. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp 349–381

    Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey J, Schmitz H (2004b) Governance in global value chains. In: Schmitz H (ed) Local enterprises in the global economy: issues of governance and upgrading. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp 95–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey J, Lecler Y, Salerno MS (2000) Global strategies and local realities: the auto industry in emerging markets. Palgrave MacMillan, Basingstoke

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hymer S (1970) The efficiency (contradictions) of multinational corporations. Am Econ Rev 60(2):441–448

    Google Scholar 

  • Hymer S (1972) The multinational corporation and the law of uneven development. In: Bhagwati JN (ed) Economics and world order. Macmillan, London, pp 113–140

    Google Scholar 

  • ILO (2005) Automotive industry trends affecting component suppliers: report for discussion at the Tripartite Meeting on employment, social dialogue, rights at work and industrial relations in transport equipment manufacturing. International Labour Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • JAMA (2010) Common challenges, common future. Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen C, Tragardh B (2004) Narrating the triple helix concept in “weak” regions: lessons from Sweden. Int J Technol Manag 27(5):513–530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaláb V (2011) Volkswagen’s bonuses: Czechs will receive thousands of crowns, Germans thousands of euros. Lidové noviny. http://www.lidovky.cz (accessed 22 Mar 2011)

  • Kemeny T (2011) Are international technology gaps growing or shrinking in the age of globalization? J Econ Geogr 11(1):1–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Konings J (2001) The effects of foreign direct investment on domestic firms—evidence from firm-level panel data in emerging economies. Econ Transit 9(3):619–633

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuemmerle W (1997) Building effective R&D capabilities abroad. Harv Bus Rev 75(2):61–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuemmerle W (1999) Foreign direct investment in industrial research in the pharmaceutical and electronics industries—results from a survey of multinational firms. Res Policy 28(2–3):179–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar N (2001) Determinants of location of overseas R&D activity of multinational enterprises: the case of US and Japanese corporations. Res Policy 30(1):159–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Layan J (2000) The integration of peripheral markets: a comparison of Spain and Mexico. In: Humphrey J, Lecler Y, Salerno MS (eds) Global strategies and local realities: the auto industry in emerging markets. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, pp 16–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Layan J-B, Lung Y (2004) The dynamics of regional integration in the European Car Industry. In: Carrillo J, Lung Y, van Tulder R (eds) Cars, carriers of regionalism? Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills, pp 57–74

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Le Bas C, Sierra C (2002) ‘Location versus home country advantages’ in R&D activities: some further results on multinationals’ locational strategies. Res Policy 31(4):589–609

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leamer EE, Storper M (2001) The economic geography of the Internet age. J Int Bus Stud 32(4):641–665

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lefilleur J (2008) Geographic reorganization of the European automobile sector what role for the Central and East European countries in an enlarged European Union? An empirical approach. East Eur Econ 46(5):69–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu WD, Dicken P (2006) Transnational corporations and ‘obligated embeddedness’: foreign direct investment in China’s automobile industry. Environ Plan A 38(7):1229–1247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu WD, Yeung HWC (2008) China’s dynamic industrial sector: the automobile industry. Eurasian Geogr Econ 49(5):523–548

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lundvall BA, Johnson B, Andersen ES, Dalum B (2002) National systems of production, innovation and competence building. Res Policy 31(2):213–231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lung Y (2004) The changing geography of the European automobile system. Int J Automot Technol Manag 4(2/3):137–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lung Y, Volpato G (2002) Redesigning the automakers-suppliers relationships in the automotive industry. Int J Automot Technol Manag 2(1):3–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Malecki EJ (1979) Locational trends in R&D by large U.S. corporations, 1965–1977. Econ Geogr 55(4):309–323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malecki EJ (1980) Corporate organization of R and D and the location of technological activities. Reg Stud 14(3):219–234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin R (2010) Roepke lecture in economic geography-rethinking regional path dependence: beyond lock-in to evolution. Econ Geogr 86(1):1–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin R, Sunley P (2006) Path dependence and regional economic evolution. J Econ Geogr 6(4):395–437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Massey D (1979) In what sense a regional problem? Reg Stud 13(2):233–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer-Krahmer F, Reger G (1999) New perspectives on the innovation strategies of multinational enterprises: lessons for technology policy in Europe. Res Policy 28(7):751–776

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller R (1994) Global R&D networks and large-scale innovations: the case of the automobile industry. Res Policy 23(1):27–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moulaert F, Mehmood A (2010) Analysing regional development and policy: a structural-realist approach. Reg Stud 44(1):103–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OICA (2016) World motor vehicle production by country and type, 1997–2015. Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d’Automobile, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Oinas P, Malecki EJ (2002) The evolution of technologies in time and space: from national and regional to spatial innovation systems. Int Reg Sci Rev 25(1):102–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patchell J (1993) From production systems to learning systems: lessons from Japan. Environ Plan A 25(6):797–815

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patel P, Pavitt K (1991) Large firms in the production of the world’s technology: an important case of “non-globalization”. J Int Bus Stud 22(1):1–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patel P, Pavitt K (1994) Uneven (and divergent) technological accumulation among advanced countries: evidence and a framework of explanation. Ind Corp Change 3(3):759–787

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel P, Vega M (1999) Patterns of internationalisation of corporate technology: location vs. home country advantages. Res Policy 28(2–3):145–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pavlínek P (2002a) Domestic privatisation and its effects on industrial enterprises in East-Central Europe: evidence from the Czech motor component industry. Eur Asia Stud 54(7):1127–1150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pavlínek P (2002b) Restructuring the Central and Eastern European automobile industry: legacies, trends, and effects of foreign direct investment. Post-Soviet Geogr Econ 43(1):41–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlínek P (2002c) Transformation of the Central and East European passenger car industry: selective peripheral integration through foreign direct investment. Environ Plan A 34(9):1685–1709

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pavlínek P (2003) Transformation of the Czech automotive components industry through foreign direct investment. Eurasian Geogr Econ 44(3):184–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pavlínek P (2004) Regional development implications of foreign direct investment in Central Europe. Eur Urban Reg Stud 11(1):47–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pavlínek P (2008) A successful transformation? Restructuring of the Czech automobile industry. Physica Verlag, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlínek P (2012) The internationalization of corporate R&D and the automotive industry R&D of East-Central Europe. Econ Geogr 88(3):279–310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pavlínek P, Janák L (2007) Regional restructuring of the Škoda Auto supplier network in the Czech Republic. Eur Urban Reg Stud 14(2):133–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pavlínek P, Ženka J (2011) Upgrading in the automotive industry: firm-level evidence from Central Europe. J Econ Geogr 11(3):559–586

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pavlínek P, Domanski B, Guzik R (2009) Industrial upgrading through foreign direct investment in Central European automotive manufacturing. Eur Urban Reg Stud 16(1):43–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reger G (2004) Coordinating globally dispersed research centres of excellence—the case of Philips Electronics. J Int Manag 10(1):51–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renault (2007) Renault expands international operations with new regional sites in Romania and Nordic Region. Renault Press Release

    Google Scholar 

  • Renault (2010) Renault opens test center in Romania. Renault Press Release

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Pose A, Crescenzi R (2008a) Mountains in a flat world: why proximity still matters for the location of economic activity. Cambridge J Reg Econ Soc 1(3):371–388

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Pose A, Crescenzi R (2008b) Research and development, spillovers, innovation systems, and the genesis of regional growth in Europe. Reg Stud 42(1):51–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rutherford T, Holmes J (2008) ‘The flea on the tail of the dog’: power in global production networks and the restructuring of Canadian automotive clusters. J Econ Geogr 8(4):519–544

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santos TD (1970) Structure of dependence. Am Econ Rev 60(2):231–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Schackmann-Fallis KP (1989) External control and regional development within the Federal Republic of Germany. Int Reg Sci Rev 12(3):245–261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz H, Strambach S (2009) The organisational decomposition of innovation and global distribution of innovative activities: insights and research agenda. Int J Technol Learn Innov Dev 2(4):231–249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheard P (1983) Auto-production systems in Japan—organizational and locational features. Aust Geogr Stud 21(1):49–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Škoda Auto (2004–2015) Škoda auto annual reports, 2004–2015. Škoda Auto, Mladá Boleslav

    Google Scholar 

  • Škoda Auto (2011) Škoda Auto annual report. Škoda Auto, Mladá Boleslav

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer JW (2008) The impact of multinational enterprise strategy on indigenous enterprises: horizontal spillovers and crowding out in developing countries. Acad Manag Rev 33(2):341–361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Storper M, Venables AJ (2004) Buzz: face-to-face contact and the urban economy. J Econ Geogr 4(4):351–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sturgeon TJ, Lester RK (2004) The new global supply base: new challenges for local suppliers in East Asia. In: Yusuf S, Altaf MAA, Nabeshima K (eds) Global production networking and technological change in East Asia. The World Bank and Oxford University Press, Washington, DC, pp 35–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturgeon T, Van Biesebroeck J, Gereffi G (2008) Value chains, networks and clusters: reframing the global automotive industry. J Econ Geogr 8(3):297–321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sturgeon T, Van Biesebroeck J, Gereffi G (2009) The North American automotive value chain: Canada’s role and prospects. Int J Technol Learn Innov Dev 2(1/2):25–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torre A, Rallett A (2005) Proximity and localization. Reg Stud 39(1):47–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNCTAD (2005) World Investment Report 2005: transnational corporations and the internationalization of R&D. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Biesebroeck J, Sturgeon TJ (2010) Effects of the 2008–09 crisis on the automotive industry in developing countries: a global value chain perspective. In: Cattaneo O, Gereffi G, Staritz C (eds) Global value chains in a postcrisis world: a development perspective. The World Bank, Washington, DC, pp 209–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Vernon R (1966) International investment and international trade in the product cycle. Q J Econ 80(2):190–207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volpato G (2004) The OEM–FTS relationship in automotive industry. Int J Automot Technol Manag 4(2/3):166–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • von Zedtwitz M, Gassmann O (2002) Market versus technology drive in R&D internationalization: four different patterns of managing research and development. Res Policy 31(4):569–588

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • von Zedtwitz M, Gassmann O, Boutellier R (2004) Organizing global R&D: challenges and dilemmas. J Int Manag 10(1):21–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang EC (2010) Determinants of R&D investment: the extreme-bounds-analysis approach applied to 26 OECD countries. Res Policy 39(1):103–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weterings A, Boschma R (2009) Does spatial proximity to customers matter for innovative performance? Evidence from the Dutch software sector. Res Policy 38(5):746–755

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winter J (2010) Upgrading of TNC subsidiaries: the case of the Polish automotive industry. Int J Automot Technol Manag 10(2/3):145–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeung HWC (2007) From followers to market leaders: Asian electronics firms in the global economy. Asia Pac Viewpoint 48(1):1–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeung HWC (2009a) Regional development and the competitive dynamics of global production networks: an East Asian perspective. Reg Stud 43(3):325–351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeung HWC (2009b) Transnational corporations, global production networks, and urban and regional development: a geographer’s perspective on multinational enterprises and the global economy. Growth Change 40(2):197–226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zander I (1999) How do you mean ‘global’? An empirical investigation of innovation networks in the multinational corporation. Res Policy 28(2–3):195–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Z, Anand J, Mitchell W (2005) A dual networks perspective on inter-organizational transfer of R&D capabilities: international joint ventures in the Chinese automotive industry. J Manag Stud 42(1):127–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geography and Geology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA

    Petr Pavlínek

  2. Department of Social Geography and Regional Development, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

    Petr Pavlínek

Authors
  1. Petr Pavlínek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pavlínek, P. (2017). Research and Development. In: Dependent Growth: Foreign Investment and the Development of the Automotive Industry in East-Central Europe. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53955-3_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation