Abstract
Stem and progenitor cells are characterized by their abilities to self-renew and produce differentiated progeny. The balance between self-renewal and differentiation is achieved through control of cell division mode, which can be either asymmetric or symmetric. Failure to properly control cell division mode may result in premature depletion of the stem/progenitor cell pool or abnormal growth and impaired differentiation. In many tissues, including the brain, stem cells and progenitor cells undergo asymmetric cell division through the establishment of cell polarity. Cell polarity proteins are therefore potentially critical regulators of asymmetric cell division. Decrease or loss of asymmetric cell division can be associated with reduced differentiation common during aging or impaired remyelination as seen in demyelinating diseases. Progenitor-like glioma precursor cells show decreased asymmetric cell division rates and increased symmetric divisions, which suggests that asymmetric cell division suppresses brain tumor formation. Cancer stem cells, on the other hand, still undergo low rates of asymmetric cell division, which may provide them with a survival advantage during therapy. These findings led to the hypotheses that asymmetric cell divisions are not always tumor suppressive but can also be utilized to maintain a cancer stem cell population. Proper control of cell division mode is therefore not only deemed necessary to generate cellular diversity during development and to maintain adult tissue homeostasis but may also prevent disease and determine disease progression. Since brain cancer is most common in the adult and aging population, we review here the current knowledge on molecular mechanisms that regulate asymmetric cell divisions in the neural and oligodendroglial lineage during development and in the adult brain.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ahlenius H, Visan V, Kokaia M, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z (2009) Neural stem and progenitor cells retain their potential for proliferation and differentiation into functional neurons despite lower number in aged brain. J Neurosci 29:4408–4419
Alvarez-Buylla A, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Tramontin AD (2001) A unified hypothesis on the lineage of neural stem cells. Nat Rev Neurosci 2:287–293
Andreu-Agulló C, Morante-Redolat JM, Delgado AC, Fariñas I (2009) Vascular niche factor PEDF modulates Notch-dependent stemness in the adult subependymal zone. Nat Neurosci 12:1514–1523
Atwood SX, Prehoda KE (2009) aPKC phosphorylates Miranda to polarize fate determinants during neuroblast asymmetric cell division. Curr Biol 19:723–729
Atwood SX, Chabu C, Penkert RR, Doe CQ, Prehoda KE (2007) Cdc42 acts downstream of Bazooka to regulate neuroblast polarity through Par-6 aPKC. J Cell Sci 120:3200–3206
Balordi F, Fishell G (2007a) Mosaic removal of hedgehog signaling in the adult SVZ reveals that the residual wild-type stem cells have a limited capacity for self-renewal. J Neurosci 27:14248–14259
Balordi F, Fishell G (2007b) Hedgehog signaling in the subventricular zone is required for both the maintenance of stem cells and the migration of newborn neurons. J Neurosci 27:5936–5947
Betschinger J, Mechtler K, Knoblich JJA (2003) The Par complex directs asymmetric cell division by phosphorylating the cytoskeletal protein Lgl. Nature 422:326–330
Betschinger J, Mechtler K, Knoblich JA (2006) Asymmetric segregation of the tumor suppressor brat regulates self-renewal in Drosophila neural stem cells. Cell 124:1241–1253
Blackmore DG, Golmohammadi MG, Large B, Waters MJ, Rietze RL (2009) Exercise increases neural stem cell number in a growth hormone-dependent manner, augmenting the regenerative response in aged mice. Stem Cells 27:2044–2052
Boda E, Di Maria S, Rosa P, Taylor V, Abbracchio M, Buffo A (2015) Early phenotypic asymmetry of sister oligodendrocyte progenitor cells after mitosis and its modulation by aging and extrinsic factors. Glia 63:271–286
Bonaguidi MA, Wheeler MA, Shapiro JS, Stadel RP, Sun GJ, Ming GL, Song H (2011) In vivo clonal analysis reveals self-renewing and multipotent adult neural stem cell characteristics. Cell 145:1142–1155
Bouab M, Paliouras GN, Aumont A, Forest-Berard K, Fernandes KJL (2011) Aging of the subventricular zone neural stem cell niche: evidence for quiescence-associated changes between early and mid-adulthood. Neuroscience 173:135–149
Bowman SK, Neumüller RA, Novatchkova M, Du Q, Knoblich JA (2006) The Drosophila NuMA Homolog Mud regulates spindle orientation in asymmetric cell division. Dev Cell 10:731–742
Bunk EC, Ertaylan G, Ortega F, Pavlou MA, Gonzalez Cano L, Stergiopoulos A, Safaiyan S, Völs S, van Cann M, Politis PK, Simons M, Berninger B, Del Sol A, Schwamborn JC (2016) Prox1 is required for oligodendrocyte cell identity in adult neural stem cells of the subventricular zone. Stem Cells 34(8):2115–2129
Calzolari F, Michel J, Baumgart EV, Theis F, Götz M, Ninkovic J, Gotz M, Ninkovic J (2015) Fast clonal expansion and limited neural stem cell self-renewal in the adult subependymal zone. Nat Neurosci 18:490–492
Capilla-Gonzalez V, Cebrian-Silla A, Guerrero-Cazares H, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Quinones-Hinojosa A (2013) The generation of oligodendroglial cells is preserved in the rostral migratory stream during aging. Front Cell Neurosci 7:147
Capilla-Gonzalez V, Cebrian-Silla A, Guerrero-Cazares H, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Quinones-Hinojosa A (2014) Age-related changes in astrocytic and ependymal cells of the subventricular zone. Glia 62:790–803
Cicalese A, Bonizzi G, Pasi CE, Faretta M, Ronzoni S, Giulini B, Brisken C, Minucci S, Di Fiore PP, Pelicci PG (2009) The tumor suppressor p53 regulates polarity of self-renewing divisions in mammary stem cells. Cell 138:1083–1095
Clarke LE, Young KM, Hamilton NB, Li H, Richardson WD, Attwell D (2012) Properties and fate of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the corpus callosum, motor cortex, and piriform cortex of the mouse. J Neurosci 32:8173–8185
Conduit PT (2013) The dominant force of Centrobin in centrosome asymmetry. Nat Cell Biol 15:235–237
Costa MR, Ortega F, Brill MS, Beckervordersandforth R, Petrone C, Schroeder T, Gotz M, Berninger B (2011) Continuous live imaging of adult neural stem cell division and lineage progression in vitro. Development 138:1057–1068
Daynac M, Pineda JR, Chicheportiche A, Gauthier LR, Morizur L, Boussin FD, Mouthon MA (2014) TGFbeta lengthens the G1 phase of stem cells in aged mouse brain. Stem Cells 32:3257–3265
Daynac M, Morizur L, Chicheportiche A, Mouthon MA, Boussin FD (2016a) Age-related neurogenesis decline in the subventricular zone is associated with specific cell cycle regulation changes in activated neural stem cells. Sci Rep 6:21505
Daynac M, Tirou L, Faure H, Mouthon MA, Gauthier LR, Hahn H, Boussin FD, Ruat M (2016b) Hedgehog controls quiescence and activation of neural stem cells in the adult ventricular-subventricular zone. Stem Cell Reports 7:735–748
Dimou L, Simon C, Kirchhoff F, Takebayashi H, Götz M, Gotz M (2008) Progeny of Olig2-expressing progenitors in the gray and white matter of the adult mouse cerebral cortex. J Neurosci 28:10434–10442
Doetsch F, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A (1997) Cellular composition and three-dimensional organization of the subventricular germinal zone in the adult mammalian brain. J Neurosci 17:5046–5061
Doetsch F, Caillé I, Lim DA, García-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A, Caille I, Lim DA, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A (1999) Subventricular zone astrocytes are neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain. Cell 97:703–716
Du Q, Stukenberg PT, Macara IG (2001) A mammalian partner of inscuteable binds NuMA and regulates mitotic spindle organization. Nat Cell Biol 3:1069–1075
Dyer MA, Livesey FJ, Cepko CL, Oliver G (2003) Prox1 function controls progenitor cell proliferation and horizontal cell genesis in the mammalian retina. Nat Genet 34:53–58
Encinas JM, Vaahtokari A, Enikolopov G (2006) Fluoxetine targets early progenitor cells in the adult brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:8233–8238
Enwere E, Shingo T, Gregg C, Fujikawa H, Ohta S, Weiss S (2004) Aging results in reduced epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, diminished olfactory neurogenesis, and deficits in fine olfactory discrimination. J Neurosci 24:8354–8365
Erben V, Waldhuber M, Langer D, Fetka I, Jansen RP, Petritsch C (2008) Asymmetric localization of the adaptor protein Miranda in neuroblasts is achieved by diffusion and sequential interaction of Myosin II and VI. J Cell Sci 121:1403–1414
Eroglu E, Burkard TR, Jiang Y, Saini N, Homem CCF, Reichert H, Knoblich JA (2014) SWI/SNF complex prevents lineage reversion and induces temporal patterning in neural stem cells. Cell 156:1259–1273
Ferent J, Cochard L, Faure H, Taddei M, Hahn H, Ruat M, Traiffort E (2014) Genetic activation of Hedgehog signaling unbalances the rate of neural stem cell renewal by increasing symmetric divisions. Stem Cell Rep 3:312–323
Ferron SRSSR, Pozo N, Laguna A, Aranda S, Porlan E, Moreno M, Fillat C, de la Luna S, Sánchez P, Arbonés ML, Fariñas I, Sanchez P, Arbones ML, Farinas I (2010) Regulated segregation of kinase Dyrk1A during asymmetric neural stem cell division is critical for EGFR-mediated biased signaling. Cell Stem Cell 7:367–379
Fietz SA, Kelava I, Vogt J, Wilsch-Brauninger M, Stenzel D, Fish JL, Corbeil D, Riehn A, Distler W, Nitsch R, Huttner WB (2010) OSVZ progenitors of human and ferret neocortex are epithelial-like and expand by integrin signaling. Nat Neurosci 13:690–699
Florio M, Huttner WB (2014) Neural progenitors, neurogenesis and the evolution of the neocortex. Development 141:2182–2194
Fuentealba LC, Rompani SB, Parraguez JI, Obernier K, Romero R, Cepko CL, Alvarez-Buylla A (2015) Embryonic origin of postnatal neural stem cells. Cell 161:1644–1655
Furutachi S, Matsumoto A, Nakayama KI, Gotoh Y (2013) p57 controls adult neural stem cell quiescence and modulates the pace of lifelong neurogenesis. EMBO J 32:970–981
Furutachi S, Miya H, Watanabe T, Kawai H, Yamasaki N, Harada Y, Imayoshi I, Nelson M, Nakayama KI, Hirabayashi Y, Gotoh Y (2015) Slowly dividing neural progenitors are an embryonic origin of adult neural stem cells. Nat Neurosci 18:657–665
Gage FH, Kempermann G, Palmer TD, Peterson DA, Ray J (1998) Multipotent progenitor cells in the adult dentate gyrus. J Neurobiol 36:249–266
Gallo V, Deneen B (2014) Glial development: the crossroads of regeneration and repair in the CNS. Neuron 83(2):283–308
Gao P, Postiglione MP, Krieger TG, Hernandez L, Wang C, Han Z, Streicher C, Papusheva E, Insolera R, Chugh K, Kodish O, Huang K, Simons BD, Luo L, Hippenmeyer S, Shi SH (2014) Deterministic progenitor behavior and unitary production of neurons in the neocortex. Cell 159:775–788
Gomez-Lopez S, Lerner RG, Petritsch C, Gómez-López S, Lerner RG, Petritsch C (2013) Asymmetric cell division of stem and progenitor cells during homeostasis and cancer. CMLS 71:575–597
Gonzalez-Perez O, Romero-Rodriguez R, Soriano-Navarro M, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A (2009) Epidermal growth factor induces the progeny of subventricular zone type B cells to migrate and differentiate into oligodendrocytes. Stem Cells 27:2032–2043
Gotz M, Huttner WB (2005) The cell biology of neurogenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:777–788
Greig LC, Woodworth MB, Galazo MJ, Padmanabhan H, Macklis JD (2013) Molecular logic of neocortical projection neuron specification, development and diversity. Nat Rev Neurosci 14:755–769
Hansen DV, Lui JH, Parker PRL, Kriegstein AR (2010) Neurogenic radial glia in the outer subventricular zone of human neocortex. Nature 464:554–561
Hill R, Patel K, Medved J, Reiss A, Nishiyama A (2013) NG2 cells in white matter but not gray matter proliferate in response to PDGF. J Neurosci 33:14558–14566
Hill R, Patel K, Goncalves C, Grutzendler J, Nishiyama A (2014) Modulation of oligodendrocyte generation during a critical temporal window after NG2 cell division. Nat Neurosci 17:1518–1527
Hughes EG, Kang SH, Fukaya M, Bergles DE (2013) Oligodendrocyte progenitors balance growth with self-repulsion to achieve homeostasis in the adult brain. Nat Neurosci 16:668–676
Ikeshima-Kataoka H, Skeath JB, Nabeshima Y, Doe CQ, Matsuzaki F (1997) Miranda directs Prospero to a daughter cell during Drosophila asymmetric divisions. Nature 390:625–629
Izumi Y, Ohta N, Hisata K, Raabe T, Matsuzaki F (2006) Drosophila Pins-binding protein Mud regulates spindle-polarity coupling and centrosome organization. Nat Cell Biol 8:586–593
Januschke J, Llamazares S, Reina J, Gonzalez C (2011) Drosophila neuroblasts retain the daughter centrosome. Nat Commun 2:243
Januschke J, Reina J, Llamazares S, Bertran T, Rossi F, Roig J, Gonzalez C (2013) Centrobin controls mother-daughter centriole asymmetry in Drosophila neuroblasts. Nat Cell Biol 15:241–248
Kang S, Fukaya M, Yang J, Rothstein J, Bergles D (2010) NG2+ CNS glial progenitors remain committed to the oligodendrocyte lineage in postnatal life and following neurodegeneration. Neuron 68:668–681
Kaplan MS, Hinds JW (1977) Neurogenesis in the adult rat: electron microscopic analysis of light radioautographs. Science 197(4308):1092–1094
Kato K, Konno D, Berry M, Matsuzaki F, Logan A, Hidalgo A (2015) Prox1 inhibits proliferation and is required for differentiation of the oligodendrocyte cell lineage in the mouse. PLoS One 10:1–19
Kawaguchi D, Furutachi S, Kawai H, Hozumi K, Gotoh Y (2013) Dll1 maintains quiescence of adult neural stem cells and segregates asymmetrically during mitosis. Nat Commun 4:1880
Kempermann G, Kuhn HG, Gage FH (1997) More hippocampal neurons in adult mice living in an enriched environment. Nature 386:493–495
Kessaris N, Fogarty M, Iannarelli P, Grist M, Wegner M, Richardson WD (2006) Competing waves of oligodendrocytes in the forebrain and postnatal elimination of an embryonic lineage. Nat Neurosci 9:173–179
Knoth R, Singec I, Ditter M, Pantazis G, Capetian P, Meyer RP, Horvat V, Volk B, Kempermann G (2010) Murine features of neurogenesis in the human hippocampus across the lifespan from 0 to 100 years. PLoS One 5
Konno D, Shioi G, Shitamukai A, Mori A, Kiyonari H, Miyata T, Matsuzaki F (2008) Neuroepithelial progenitors undergo LGN-dependent planar divisions to maintain self-renewability during mammalian neurogenesis. Nat Cell Biol 10:93–101
Kuo CT, Mirzadeh Z, Soriano-Navarro M, Rasin M, Wang D, Shen J, Sestan N, Garcia-Verdugo J, Alvarez-Buylla A, Jan LY, Jan Y-NN (2006) Postnatal deletion of Numb/Numblike reveals repair and remodeling capacity in the subventricular neurogenic niche. Cell 127:1253–1264
Kusek G, Campbell M, Doyle F, Tenenbaum SA, Kiebler M, Temple S (2012) Asymmetric segregation of the double-stranded RNA binding protein Staufen2 during mammalian neural stem cell divisions promotes lineage progression. Cell Stem Cell 11:505–516
Lee C-YY, Andersen RO, Cabernard C, Manning L, Tran KD, Lanskey MJ, Bashirullah A, Doe CQ (2006a) Drosophila Aurora-A kinase inhibits neuroblast self-renewal by regulating aPKC/Numb cortical polarity and spindle orientation. Genes Dev 20:3464–3474
Lee C-YY, Wilkinson BD, Siegrist SE, Wharton RP, Doe CQ (2006b) Brat is a Miranda cargo protein that promotes neuronal differentiation and inhibits neuroblast self-renewal. Dev Cell 10:441–449
Lerner RG, Grossauer S, Kadkhodaei B, Meyers I, Sidorov M, Koeck K, Hashizume R, Ozawa T, Phillips JJ, Berger MS, Nicolaides T, James CD, Petritsch CK (2015) Targeting a Plk1-controlled polarity checkpoint in therapy-resistant glioblastoma-propagating cells. Cancer Res 75:5355–5366
Li G, Fang L, Fernandez G, Pleasure S (2013) The ventral hippocampus is the embryonic origin for adult neural stem cells in the dentate gyrus. Neuron 78:658–672
Liu H, Song N (2016) Molecular mechanism of adult neurogenesis and its association with human brain diseases. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 8:5–11
Lois C, Alvarez-Buylla A (1993) Proliferating subventricular zone cells in the adult mammalian forebrain can differentiate into neurons and glia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:2074–2077
Lu B, Rothenberg M, Jan LY, Jan YN (1998) Partner of Numb colocalizes with Numb during mitosis and directs Numb asymmetric localization in Drosophila neural and muscle progenitors. Cell 95:225–235
Lu QR, Yuk D, Alberta JA, Zhu Z, Pawlitzky I, Chan J, McMahon AP, Stiles CD, Rowitch DH (2000) Sonic hedgehog–regulated oligodendrocyte lineage genes encoding bHLH proteins in the mammalian central nervous system. Neuron 25:317–329
Lugert S, Basak O, Knuckles P, Haussler U, Fabel K, Gotz M, Haas CA, Kempermann G, Taylor V, Giachino C, Götz M, Haas CA, Kempermann G, Taylor V, Giachino C, Gotz M, Haas CA, Kempermann G, Taylor V, Giachino C (2010) Quiescent and active hippocampal neural stem cells with distinct morphologies respond selectively to physiological and pathological stimuli and aging. Cell Stem Cell 6:445–456
Luskin MB (1993) Restricted proliferation and migration of postnatally generated neurons derived from the forebrain subventricular zone. Neuron 11:173–189
Malberg JE, Eisch AJ, Nestler EJ, Duman RS (2000) Chronic antidepressant treatment increases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus. J Neurosci 20:9104–9110
Marques S, Zeisel A, Codeluppi S, van Bruggen D, Mendanha Falcão A, Xiao L, Li H, Häring M, Hochgerner H, Romanov RA, Gyllborg D, Muñoz-Manchado AB, La Manno G, Lönnerberg P, Floriddia EM, Rezayee F, Ernfors P, Arenas E, Hjerling-Leffler J, Harkany T, Richardson WD, Linnarsson S, Castelo-Branco G (2016) Oligodendrocyte heterogeneity in the mouse juvenile and adult central nervous system. Science 352:1326–1329
Maslov AY, Barone TA, Plunkett RJ, Pruitt SC (2004) Neural stem cell detection, characterization, and age-related changes in the subventricular zone of mice. J Neurosci 24:1726–1733
Matsuzaki F, Ohshiro T, Ikeshima-Kataoka H, Izumi H (1998) miranda localizes staufen and prospero asymmetrically in mitotic neuroblasts and epithelial cells in early Drosophila embryogenesis. Development 125:4089–4098
Menn B, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Yaschine C, Gonzalez-Perez O, Rowitch D, Alvarez-Buylla A (2006) Origin of oligodendrocytes in the subventricular zone of the adult brain. J Neurosci 26:7907–7918
Mignone JL, Kukekov V, Chiang A-S, Steindler D, Enikolopov G (2004) Neural stem and progenitor cells in nestin-GFP transgenic mice. J Comp Neurol 469:311–324
Miller RH (2002) Regulation of oligodendrocyte development in the vertebrate CNS. Prog Neurobiol 67:451–467
Mirzadeh Z, Merkle FT, Soriano-Navarro M, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A (2008) Neural stem cells confer unique pinwheel architecture to the ventricular surface in neurogenic regions of the adult brain. Cell Stem Cell 3:265–278
Neumüller RA, Richter C, Fischer A, Novatchkova M, Neumüller KG, Knoblich JA (2011) Genome-wide analysis of self-renewal in Drosophila neural stem cells by transgenic RNAi. Cell Stem Cell 8:580–593
Noctor SC, Martinez-Cerdeno V, Ivic L, Kriegstein AR, Martínez-Cerdeño V, Ivic L, Kriegstein AR, Martinez-Cerdeno V, Ivic L, Kriegstein AR (2004) Cortical neurons arise in symmetric and asymmetric division zones and migrate through specific phases. Nat Neurosci 7:136–144
Noctor SC, Martinez-Cerdeno V, Kriegstein AR, Martínez-Cerdeño V, Kriegstein AR, Martinez-Cerdeno V, Kriegstein AR (2008) Distinct behaviors of neural stem and progenitor cells underlie cortical neurogenesis. J Comp Neurol 508:28–44
Ogawa H, Ohta N, Moon W, Matsuzaki F (2009) Protein phosphatase 2A negatively regulates aPKC signaling by modulating phosphorylation of Par-6 in Drosophila neuroblast asymmetric divisions. J Cell Sci 122:3242–3249
Orentas DM, Hayes JE, Dyer KL, Miller RH (1999) Sonic hedgehog signaling is required during the appearance of spinal cord oligodendrocyte precursors. Development 126:2419–2429
Ortega F, Gascon S, Masserdotti G, Deshpande A, Simon C, Fischer J, Dimou L, Chichung Lie D, Schroeder T, Berninger B, Gascón S, Masserdotti G, Deshpande A, Simon C, Fischer J, Dimou L, Chichung Lie D, Schroeder T, Berninger B, Gascon S, Masserdotti G, Deshpande A, Simon C, Fischer J, Dimou L, Chichung Lie D, Schroeder T, Berninger B (2013) Oligodendrogliogenic and neurogenic adult subependymal zone neural stem cells constitute distinct lineages and exhibit differential responsiveness to Wnt signalling. Nat Cell Biol 15:602–613
Petersen PH, Zou K, Hwang JK, Jan YN, Zhong W (2002) Progenitor cell maintenance requires numb and numblike during mouse neurogenesis. Nature 419:929–934
Peterson FC, Penkert RR, Volkman BF, Prehoda KE (2004) Cdc42 regulates the Par-6 PDZ domain through an allosteric CRIB-PDZ transition. Mol Cell 13:665–676
Petritsch C, Tavosanis G, Turck CW, Jan LY, Jan YN (2003) The Drosophila myosin VI Jaguar is required for basal protein targeting and correct spindle orientation in mitotic neuroblasts. Dev Cell 4:273–281
Piccin D, Tufford A, Morshead CM (2014) Neural stem and progenitor cells in the aged subependyma are activated by the young niche. Neurobiol Aging 35:1669–1679
Pineda JR, Daynac M, Chicheportiche A, Cebrian-Silla A, Sii Felice K, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Boussin FD, Mouthon MA (2013) Vascular-derived TGF-beta increases in the stem cell niche and perturbs neurogenesis during aging and following irradiation in the adult mouse brain. EMBO Mol Med 5:548–562
Ponti G, Obernier K, Guinto C, Jose L, Bonfanti L, Alvarez-Buylla A (2013) Cell cycle and lineage progression of neural progenitors in the ventricular-subventricular zones of adult mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110:E1045–E1054
Postiglione MP, Jüschke C, Xie Y, Haas GA, Charalambous C, Knoblich JA (2011) Mouse inscuteable induces apical-basal spindle orientation to facilitate intermediate progenitor generation in the developing neocortex. Neuron 72:269–284
Psachoulia K, Jamen F, Young KM, Richardson WD (2009) Cell cycle dynamics of NG2 cells in the postnatal and ageing brain. Neuron Glia Biol 5:57–67
Rakic P (1995) A small step for the cell, a giant leap for mankind: a hypothesis of neocortical expansion during evolution. Trends Neurosci 18:383–388
Rebollo E, Sampaio P, Januscke J, Llamazares S, Varmerk H, Gonzalez C, Januschke J, Llamazares S, Varmark H, González C (2007) Functionally unequal centrosomes drive spindle orientation in asymmetrically dividing Drosophila neural stem cells. Dev Cell 12:467–474
Rivers LE, Young KM, Rizzi M, Jamen F, Psachoulia K, Wade A, Kessaris N, Richardson WD (2008) PDGFRA/NG2 glia generate myelinating oligodendrocytes and piriform projection neurons in adult mice. Nat Neurosci 11:1392–1401
Rolls MM, Albertson R, Shih H-PP, Lee C-YY, Doe CQ (2003) Drosophila aPKC regulates cell polarity and cell proliferation in neuroblasts and epithelia. J Cell Biol 163:1089–1098
Rowitch DH, Kriegstein AR (2010) Developmental genetics of vertebrate glial-cell specification. Nature 468:214–222
Sakai D, Dixon J, Dixon MJ, Trainor PA (2012) Mammalian neurogenesis requires Treacle-Plk1 for precise control of spindle orientation, mitotic progression, and maintenance of neural progenitor cells. PLoS Genet 8:e1002566
Sanai N, Nguyen T, Ihrie RA, Mirzadeh Z, Tsai H-H, Wong M, Gupta N, Berger MS, Huang E, Garcia-Verdugo J-MM, Rowitch DH, Alvarez-Buylla A (2011) Corridors of migrating neurons in the human brain and their decline during infancy. Nature 478:382–386
Schaefer M, Shevchenko A, Knoblich JA (2000) A protein complex containing Inscuteable and the Galpha-binding protein Pins orients asymmetric cell divisions in Drosophila. Curr Biol 10:353–362
Schwamborn JC, Berezikov E, Knoblich JA (2009) The TRIM-NHL protein TRIM32 activates microRNAs and prevents self-renewal in mouse neural progenitors. Cell 136:913–925
Shen CP, Jan LY, Jan YN (1997) Miranda is required for the asymmetric localization of Prospero during mitosis in Drosophila. Cell 90:449–458
Shen CP, Knoblich JA, Chan YM, Jiang MM, Jan LY, Jan YN (1998) Miranda as a multidomain adapter linking apically localized Inscuteable and basally localized Staufen and Prospero during asymmetric cell division in Drosophila. Genes Dev 12:1837–1846
Shen Q, Zhong W, Jan YN, Temple S (2002) Asymmetric Numb distribution is critical for asymmetric cell division of mouse cerebral cortical stem cells and neuroblasts. Development 129:4843–4853
Shen Q, Wang Y, Kokovay E, Lin G, Chuang S-MM, Goderie SK, Roysam B, Temple S (2008) Adult SVZ stem cells lie in a vascular niche: a quantitative analysis of niche cell-cell interactions. Cell Stem Cell 3:289–300
Shitamukai A, Konno D, Matsuzaki F (2011) Oblique radial glial divisions in the developing mouse neocortex induce self-renewing progenitors outside the germinal zone that resemble primate outer subventricular zone progenitors. J Neurosci 31:3683–3695
Shook BA, Manz DH, Peters JJ, Kang S, Conover JC (2012) Spatiotemporal changes to the subventricular zone stem cell pool through aging. J Neurosci 32:6947–6956
Siegrist SE, Doe CQ (2005) Microtubule-induced Pins/Galphai cortical polarity in Drosophila neuroblasts. Cell 123:1323–1335
Siegrist SE, Doe CQ (2007) Microtubule-induced cortical cell polarity. Genes Dev 21:483–496
Siller KH, Doe CQ (2009) Spindle orientation during asymmetric cell division. Nat Cell Biol 11:365–374
Siller KH, Cabernard C, Doe CQ (2006) The NuMA-related Mud protein binds Pins and regulates spindle orientation in Drosophila neuroblasts. Nat Biotechnol 8:594–600
Sim FJ, Zhao C, Penderis J, Franklin RJM (2002) The age-related decrease in CNS remyelination efficiency is attributable to an impairment of both oligodendrocyte progenitor recruitment and differentiation. J Neurosci 22:2451–2459
Simon C, Goetz M, Dimou L, Gotz M, Dimou L (2011) Progenitors in the adult cerebral cortex: cell cycle properties and regulation by physiological stimuli and injury. Glia 59:869–881
Singh P, Ramdas Nair A, Cabernard C (2014) The centriolar protein Bld10/Cep135 is required to establish centrosome asymmetry in Drosophila neuroblasts. Curr Biol 24:1548–1555
Slack C, Overton PM, Tuxworth RI, Chia W (2007) Asymmetric localisation of Miranda and its cargo proteins during neuroblast division requires the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome. Development 134:3781–3787
Smith CA, Lau KM, Rahmani Z, Dho SE, Brothers G, She YM, Berry DM, Bonneil E, Thibault P, Schweisguth F, Le Borgne R, McGlade CJ (2007) aPKC-mediated phosphorylation regulates asymmetric membrane localization of the cell fate determinant Numb. EMBO J 26:468–480
Spalding KL, Bergmann O, Alkass K, Bernard S, Salehpour M, Huttner HB, Boström E, Westerlund I, Vial C, Buchholz BA, Possnert G, Mash DC, Druid H, Frisén J (2013) Dynamics of hippocampal neurogenesis in adult humans. Cell 153:1219–1227
Spassky N, Merkle FT, Flames N, Tramontin AD, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A, García-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A (2005) Adult ependymal cells are postmitotic and are derived from radial glial cells during embryogenesis. J Neurosci 25:10–18
Stein-Behrens B, Mattson MP, Chang I, Yeh M, Sapolsky R (1994) Stress exacerbates neuron loss and cytoskeletal pathology in the hippocampus. J Neurosci 14:5373–5380
Sugiarto S, Persson A, Munoz E, Waldhuber M, Lamagna C, Andor N, Hanecker P, Ayers-Ringler J, Phillips J, Siu J, Lim D, Vandenberg S, Stallcup W, Berger M, Bergers G, Weiss W, Petritsch C (2011) Asymmetry-defective oligodendrocyte progenitors are glioma precursors. Cancer Cell 20:328–340
Sun Y, Goderie S, Temple S (2005) Asymmetric distribution of EGFR receptor during mitosis generates diverse CNS progenitor cells. Neuron 45:873–886. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.01.045
Tropepe V, Craig CG, Morshead CM, VanderKooy D (1997) Transforming growth factor-alpha null and senescent mice show decreased neural progenitor cell proliferation in the forebrain subependyma. J Neurosci 17:7850–7859
Vallstedt A, Klos JM, Ericson J (2005) Multiple dorsoventral origins of oligodendrocyte generation in the spinal cord and hindbrain. Neuron 45:55–67
van Wijngaarden P, Franklin RJ (2013) Ageing stem and progenitor cells: implications for rejuvenation of the central nervous system. Development 140:2562–2575
Vessey JP, Amadei G, Burns SE, Kiebler MA, Kaplan DR, Miller FD (2012) An asymmetrically localized staufen2-dependent RNA complex regulates maintenance of Mammalian neural stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 11:517–528
Voigt T (1989) Development of glial cells in the cerebral wall of ferrets: direct tracing of their transformation from radial glia into astrocytes. J Comp Neurol 289:74–88
Wang H, Somers GW, Bashirullah A, Heberlein U, Yu F, Chia W (2006) Aurora-A acts as a tumor suppressor and regulates self-renewal of Drosophila neuroblasts. Genes Dev 20:3453–3463
Wang H, Ouyang Y, Somers WG, Chia W, Lu B (2007) Polo inhibits progenitor self-renewal and regulates Numb asymmetry by phosphorylating Pon. Nature 449:96–100
Wang X, Tsai J-W, Imai JH, Lian W-N, Vallee RB, Shi S-H (2009) Asymmetric centrosome inheritance maintains neural progenitors in the neocortex. Nature 461:947–955
Wang C, Liu F, Liu Y-Y, Zhao C-H, You Y, Wang L, Zhang J, Wei B, Ma T, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Chen R, Song H, Yang Z (2011a) Identification and characterization of neuroblasts in the subventricular zone and rostral migratory stream of the adult human brain. Cell Res 21:1534–1550
Wang X, Lui J, Kriegstein A (2011a) Orienting fate: spatial regulation of neurogenic division. Neuron:191–193
Wang X, Tsai J, LaMonica B, Kriegstein A (2011b) A new subtype of progenitor cell in the mouse embryonic neocortex. Nat Neurosci 14:555–561
Willard FS, Kimple RJ, Siderovski DP (2004) Return of the GDI: the GoLoco motif in cell Division. Annu Rev Biochem 73:925–951
Wirtz-Peitz F, Nishimura T, Knoblich JA (2008) Linking cell cycle to asymmetric division: Aurora-A phosphorylates the Par complex to regulate Numb localization. Cell 135:161–173
Wodarz A, Ramrath A, Kuchinke U, Knust E (1999) Bazooka provides an apical cue for Inscuteable localization in Drosophila neuroblasts. Nature 402:544–547
Wodarz A, Ramrath A, Grimm A, Knust E (2000) Drosophila atypical protein kinase C associates with Bazooka and controls polarity of epithelia and neuroblasts. J Cell Biol 150:1361–1374
Wren D, Wolswijk G, Noble M (1992) In vitro analysis of the origin and maintenance of O-2Aadult progenitor cells. J Cell Biol 116:167–176
Wu M, Kwon HY, Rattis F, Blum J, Zhao C, Ashkenazi R, Jackson TL, Gaiano N, Oliver T, Reya T (2007) Imaging hematopoietic precursor division in real time. Cell Stem Cell 1:541–554
Young KM, Psachoulia K, Tripathi RB, Dunn SJ, Cossell L, Attwell D, Tohyama K, Richardson WD (2013) Oligodendrocyte dynamics in the healthy adult CNS: evidence for myelin remodeling. Neuron 77:873–885
Yu F, Wang H, Qian H, Kaushik R, Bownes M, Yang X, Chia W (2005) Locomotion defects, together with Pins, regulates heterotrimeric G-protein signaling during Drosophila neuroblast asymmetric divisions. Genes Dev 19:1341–1353. doi:10.1101/gad.1295505.eration
Zhong W, Feder JN, Jiang MM, Jan LY, Jan YN (1996) Asymmetric localization of a mammalian numb homolog during mouse cortical neurogenesis. Neuron 17:43–53
Zhong W, Jiang MM, Schonemann MD, Meneses JJ, Pedersen RA, Jan LY, Jan YN (2000) Mouse numb is an essential gene involved in cortical neurogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:6844–6849
Zhu X, Hill RA, Dietrich D, Komitova M, Suzuki R, Nishiyama A (2011) Age-dependent fate and lineage restriction of single NG2 cells. Development 138:745–753
Zong H, Parada LF, Baker SJ (2015) Cell of origin for malignant gliomas and its implication in therapeutic development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 7
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Daynac, M., Petritsch, C.K. (2017). Regulation of Asymmetric Cell Division in Mammalian Neural Stem and Cancer Precursor Cells. In: Tassan, JP., Kubiak, J. (eds) Asymmetric Cell Division in Development, Differentiation and Cancer. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, vol 61. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53150-2_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53150-2_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-53149-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-53150-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)