Abstract
In this chapter we characterize the high-energy proton spectra that can penetrate shielding and determine the radiation dose to humans and equipment in space. High-energy spectral breaks or “knees”, seen in all large SEP events, determine the contribution of highly penetrating protons. The streaming limit, discussed earlier, places an upper bound on particle fluences early in events and the radial variation of intensities is important for near-solar and deep-space missions. The streaming limit is a strong function of radial distance from the Sun. We also briefly consider a mission to Mars and radiation-induced chemistry of the upper atmosphere of Earth.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Band, D., Matteson, J., Ford, L., Schaefer, B., Palmer, D., Teegarden, B., Cline, T., Briggs, M., Paciesas, W., Pendleton, G., et al.: SE observations of gamma-ray burst spectra. I—Spectral diversity. Astrophys. J. 413, 281 (1993)
Barth, J.L., Dyer, C.S., Stassinopoulos, E.G.: Space, atmospheric, and terrestrial radiation environments. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 50, 466 (2003)
Carnell, L., Blattnig, S., Hu, S., Huff, J., Kim, M.H., Norman, R., Patel, Z., Simonsen, L., Wu, H.: NASA 1 Evidence Report: Risk of Acute Radiation Syndromes Due to Solar Particle Events (2016). https://humanresearchroadmap.nasa.gov/evidence/reports/Acute.pdf?rnd=0.543557888150009
Cliver, E.W., Ling, A.G., Belov, A., Yashiro, S.: Size distributions of solar flares and solar energetic particle events. Astrophys. J. Lett. 756, L29 (2012)
Cucinotta, F.A., Hu, S., Schwadron, N.A., Kozarev, K., Townsend, L.W., Kim, M.-H.Y.: Space radiation risk limits and Earth-Moon-Mars environmental models. Space Weather. 8, S00E09 (2010)
Jackman, C.H., Fleming, E.L., Vitt, F.M.: Influence of extremely large solar proton events in a changing stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 11659 (2000)
Jackman, C.H., Deland, M.T., Labow, G.J., Fleming, E.L., López-Puertas, M.: Satellite measurements of middle atmospheric impacts by solar proton events in Solar Cycle 23. Space Sci. Rev. 125, 381 (2006)
Kahler, S.W., Ling, A.: Dynamic SEP event probability forecasts. Space Weather. 13, 665 (2015)
Lario, D., Aran, A., Decker, R.B.: Major solar energetic particle events of solar cycles 22 and 23: Intensities close to the streaming limit. Solar Phys. 260, 407 (2009)
Laurenza, M., Cliver, E.W., Hewitt, J., Storini, M., Ling, A.G., Balch, C.C., Kaiser, M.L.: A technique for short-term warning of solar energetic particle events based on flare location, flare size, and evidence of particle escape. Space Weather. 7, S04008 (2009). doi:10.1029/2007SW000379
Lovell, J.L., Duldig, M.L., Humble, J.E.: An extended analysis of the September 1989 cosmic ray ground-level enhancement. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 23,733 (1998)
Mewaldt, R.A., Cohen, C.M.S., Haggerty, D.K., Mason, G.M., Looper, M.L., von Rosenvinge, T.T., Wiedenbeck, M.E.: Radiation risks from large solar energetic particle events. AIP Conf. Proc. 932, 277 (2007)
Ng, C.K., Reames, D.V., Tylka, A.J.: Modeling shock-accelerated solar energetic particles coupled to interplanetary Alfvén waves. Astrophys. J. 591, 461 (2003)
Ng, C.K., Reames, D.V., Tylka, A.J.: Solar energetic particles: shock acceleration and transport through self-amplified waves. AIP Conf. Proc. 1436, 212 (2012)
Reames, D.V.: Solar energetic particles: is there time to hide? Radiat. Meas. 30(3), 297 (1999)
Reames, D.V.: The two sources of solar energetic particles. Space Sci. Rev. 175, 53 (2013)
Reames, D.V., Ng, C.K.: Streaming-limited intensities of solar energetic particles. Astrophys. J. 504, 1002 (1998)
Reames, D.V., Ng, C.K.: Streaming-limited intensities of solar energetic particles on the intensity plateau. Astrophys. J. 722, 1286 (2010)
Tylka, A.J., Dietrich, W.F.: A new and comprehensive analysis of proton spectra in ground-level enhanced (GLE) solar particle events. In: Proceedings of the 31st International Cosmic Ray Conference, Lódz (2009). http://icrc2009.uni.lodz.pl/proc/pdf/icrc0273.pdf
Tylka, A.J., Boberg, P.R., McGuire, R.E., Ng, C.K., Reames, D.V.: Variation in solar energetic particle elemental composition observed by ACE and Wind. In: Mewaldt R.A., Jokipii J.R., Lee M.A., Möbius E., Zurbuchen T.H. (eds.) Acceleration and Transport of Energetic Particles Observed in the Heliosphere. AIP Conference Proceedings vol. 528, p. 147. AIP, Melville (2000)
Verkhoglyadova, O.P., Li, G., Ao, X., Zank, G.P.: Radial Dependence of Peak Proton and Iron Ion Fluxes in Solar Energetic Particle Events: Application of the PATH Code. Astrophys. J. 757, 75 (2012)
von Clarmann, T., Funke, B., López-Puertas, M., Kellmann, S., Linden, A., Stiller, G.P., Jackman, C.H., Harvey, V.L.: The solar proton events in 2012 as observed by MIPAS. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 2339 (2013)
Xapsos, M.A., Stauffer, C., Jordan, T., Barth, J.L., Mewaldt, R.A.: Model for cumulative solar heavy ion energy and linear energy transfer spectra. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 54, 1985 (2007)
Zeitlin, C., Hassler, D.M., Cucinotta, F.A., Ehresmann, B., Wimmer-Schweingruber, R.F., Brinza, D.E., et al.: Measurements of energetic particle radiation in transit to Mars on the Mars Science Laboratory. Science. 340, 1080 (2013)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Reames, D.V. (2017). High Energies and Radiation Effects. In: Solar Energetic Particles. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol 932. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50871-9_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50871-9_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-50870-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-50871-9
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)