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Protection Against External Exposition, General Principles

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Applied Physics of External Radiation Exposure

Part of the book series: Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering ((BIOMEDICAL))

Abstract

This chapter is devoted to biological protection against external exposure. It introduces shieldings against α, β, γ and neutrons radiation and other secondary source term developed previously such as bremsstrahlung photons, neutrons from different reactions (nuclear reactions photoneutrons, …). This chapter also addresses protection against scattered radiation, and the mazes or skyshine. A section is devoted to the production of harmful gases (non-radioactive, e.g. ozone) due to radiation. Finally we are interested in computer codes for calculating shielding.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Strictly speaking, this should be noted “T 0”. Nevertheless, the literature prefers the term E 0 that we retain in this section.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. CEA DEN Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lès-Durance, France

    Rodolphe Antoni

  2. CEA DAM Île de France, Arpajon cedex, France

    Laurent Bourgois

Authors
  1. Rodolphe Antoni
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  2. Laurent Bourgois
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rodolphe Antoni .

Appendices

Appendix 1. Material Composition

Type of concrete

Ordinary (Bouniol 2001)*

Barium [1]

Colemanite (Bouniol 2001)

Hematite (Bouniol 2001)

Density

2.3

3.3

2.14

4

Composition

Si

20.68

–

1.56

0.91

Al

0.36

–

4.49

0.12

O

50.85

35.95

60.72

32.82

Ca

21.65

5.07

17.11

4.11

Mg

0.2

–

0.67

–

S

0.14

10.99

–

–

C

4.52

–

0.39

–

H

0.7

0.74

3.25

0.43

Fe

0.66

–

2.5

61.42

Ba

–

47.25

–

–

Ti

–

–

0.31

–

10B

–

–

1.74

–

11B

–

–

7.06

–

  1. Composition of concrete (mass%)
  2. *Based on data Bouniol (2001) Bétons spéciaux de protection. Techniques de l’ingénieur. BN 3, 740-1
 

Lead glass

Density

4.1

Pb

56.8

O

25.5

Yes

17.7

  1. Lead glass composition (wt%) [21]
 

Stainless steel

Density

7.8

Fe

69.25

Cr

18

Or

10

mn

2

Yes

0.75

  1. Composition of the stainless steel type Z2CND1810 (wt%)
  2. Density of lead: 10.8
  3. Density polyethylene (CH2) n : 0.92

Appendix 2. Neutron Transmission Indexes

Thickness (cm)

Concrete ordinary

Concrete barium

Concrete colemanite

Concrete hematite

Water

CH2

Steel stainless steel

Glass lead

Lead

0

1.06E+01

1.06E+01

1.06E+01

1.06E+01

1.06E+01

1.06E+01

1.06E+01

1.06E+01

1.06E+01

2.5

9.38E+00

8.36E+00

1.18E+00

8.28E+00

3.54E+00

2.89E+00

8.33E+00

1.11E+01

1.05E+01

5

6.85E+00

5.64E+00

9.58E−01

5.54E+00

1.72E+00

1.36E+00

4.81E+00

9.97E+00

8.67E+00

7.5

5.33E+00

4.10E+00

7.36E−01

4.04E+00

1.08E+00

8.87E−01

2.87E+00

8.76E+00

7.05E+00

10

4.30E+00

3.11E+00

5.43E−01

3.07E+00

8.12E−01

7.15E−01

1.72E+00

7.69E+00

5.74E+00

20

2.12E+00

1.12E+00

1.35E−01

1.10E+00

5.21E−01

5.20E−01

2.16E−01

4.69E+00

2.72E+00

30

1.12E+00

4.16E−01

3.04E−02

3.99E−01

3.87E−01

3.98E−01

2.60E−02

2.99E+00

1.39E+00

40

5.95E−01

1.54E−01

7.27E−03

1.43E−01

2.79E−01

2.96E−01

2.97E−03

1.94E+00

7.36E−01

50

3.16E−01

5.66E−02

2.14E−03

5.09E−02

1.97E−01

2.15E−01

3.70E−04

1.28E+00

3.99E−01

75

6.84E−02

4.82E−03

3.09E−04

3.96E−03

7.85E−02

9.19E−02

1.06E−06

4.52E−01

9.09E−02

100

1.52E−02

4.38E−04

8.25E−05

2.82E−04

3.03E−02

3.80E−02

1.76E−09

1.61E−01

2.17E−02

150

8.37E−04

2.96E−06

5.36E−06

8.94E−07

4.32E−03

6.24E−03

1.83E−14

2.19E−02

1.41E−03

200

3.30E−05

5.95E−09

9.05E−07

2.34E−09

5.79E−04

9.92E−04

1.34E−19

3.15E−03

6.47E−05

  1. Neutron transmission indexes pSv cm2 for thermal neutrons

Thickness (Cm)

Concrete ordinary

Concrete barium

Concrete colemanite

Concrete hematite

Water

CH2

Steel stainless steel

Glass lead

Lead

0

3.22E+02

3.22E+02

3.22E+02

3.22E+02

3.22E+02

3.22E+02

3.22E+02

3.22E+02

3.22E+02

2.5

3.19E+02

3.10E+02

2.22E+02

3.15E+02

1.93E+02

1.64E+02

3.16E+02

3.55E+02

3.41E+02

5

2.39E+02

2.21E+02

9.88E+01

2.24E+02

7.97E+01

5.86E+01

2.69E+02

3.15E+02

3.39E+02

7.5

1.61E+02

1.42E+02

3.81E+01

1.42E+02

3.02E+01

1.96E+01

2.24E+02

2.59E+02

3.31E+02

10

1.03E+02

8.70E+01

1.37E+01

8.66E+01

1.16E+01

7.12E+00

1.87E+02

2.04E+02

3.20E+02

20

1.70E+01

1.21E+01

3.19E−01

1.14E+01

1.72E+00

1.61E+00

9.66E+01

7.14E+01

2.74E+02

30

4.60E+00

2.70E+00

4.40E−02

2.02E+00

1.18E+00

1.21E+00

5.16E+01

2.51E+01

2.30E+02

40

2.04E+00

8.93E−01

1.00E−02

5.41E−01

8.60E−01

9.05E−01

2.65E+01

1.01E+01

1.92E+02

50

1.06E+00

3.24E−01

2.79E−03

1.80E−01

6.13E−01

6.60E−01

1.30E+01

5.11E+00

1.57E+02

75

2.18E−01

2.63E−02

3.31E−04

1.35E−02

2.45E−01

2.85E−01

1.86E+00

2.25E+00

8.81E+01

100

4.73E−02

2.30E−03

8.39E−05

9.46E−04

9.40E−02

1.17E−01

2.36E-01

1.24E+00

4.42E+01

150

2.52E−03

1.33E−05

3.36E−06

3.15E−06

1.34E−02

1.92E−02

4.15E-03

2.50E-01

9.51E+00

200

9.30E−05

7.02E−08

1.98E−07

9.36E−09

1.75E−03

3.22E−03

1.40E-04

3.84E-02

2.31E+00

  1. Neutron transmission indexes pSv cm2 for neutrons of 0.5 MeV

Thickness (cm)

Concrete ordinary

Concrete barium

Concrete colemanite

Concrete hematite

Water

CH2

Steel stainless steel

Glass lead

Lead

0

4.16E+02

4.16E+02

4.16E+02

4.16E+02

4.16E+02

4.16E+02

4.16E+02

4.16E+02

4.16E+02

2.5

3.42E+02

3.31E+02

2.77E+02

3.16E+02

2.72E+02

2.97E+02

3.55E+02

3.68E+02

4.35E+02

5

2.52E+02

2.34E+02

1.45E+02

2.20E+02

1.38E+02

1.52E+02

2.88E+02

3.00E+02

4.18E+02

7.5

1.81E+02

1.61E+02

7.04E+01

1.52E+02

6.43E+01

6.91E+01

2.42E+02

2.46E+02

3.93E+02

10

1.28E+02

1.10E+02

3.27E+01

1.05E+02

2.89E+01

3.00E+01

2.09E+02

2.04E+02

3.66E+02

20

3.09E+01

2.25E+01

1.38E+00

2.14E+01

2.28E+00

2.41E+00

1.24E+02

9.76E+01

2.69E+02

30

7.67E+00

4.71E+00

7.99E−02

4.11E+00

1.12E+00

1.42E+00

7.46E+01

4.21E+01

1.99E+02

40

2.39E+00

1.17E+00

1.06E−02

8.56E−01

8.07E−01

1.06E+00

4.38E+01

1.74E+01

1.50E+02

50

9.93E−01

3.44E−01

2.62E−03

2.14E−01

5.72E−01

7.73E−01

2.50E+01

7.51E+00

1.15E+02

75

1.83E−01

2.60E−02

2.57E−04

1.21E−02

2.31E−01

3.35E−01

5.24E+00

1.92E+00

6.12E+01

100

3.84E−02

2.00E−03

6.91E−05

8.43E−04

8.83E−02

1.38E−01

9.26E−01

9.56E−01

3.38E+01

150

2.02E−03

1.40E−05

6.32E−06

2.97E−06

1.26E−02

2.32E−02

2.00E−02

2.07E−01

1.09E+01

200

1.12E−04

2.80E−08

1.77E−07

1.82E−08

1.71E−03

3.77E−03

3.34E−04

3.28E−02

3.43E+00

  1. Neutron transmission indexes pSv cm2 for 1 MeV neutrons

Thickness (cm)

Concrete ordinary

Concrete barium

Concrete colemanite

Concrete hematite

Water

CH2

Steel stainless steel

Glass lead

Lead

0

4.16E+02

4.16E+02

4.16E+02

4.16E+02

4.16E+02

4.16E+02

4.16E+02

4.16E+02

4.16E+02

2.5

4.39E+02

4.36E+02

4.27E+02

4.42E+02

4.18E+02

4.00E+02

4.30E+02

4.45E+02

4.36E+02

5

4.25E+02

4.17E+02

3.64E+02

4.21E+02

3.46E+02

3.01E+02

3.93E+02

4.39E+02

4.18E+02

7.5

3.95E+02

3.80E+02

2.80E+02

3.79E+02

2.58E+02

2.01E+02

3.48E+02

4.22E+02

3.91E+02

10

3.57E+02

3.33E+02

2.03E+02

3.28E+02

1.81E+02

1.26E+02

3.03E+02

4.01E+02

3.63E+02

20

1.98E+02

1.61E+02

4.38E+01

1.44E+02

3.60E+01

1.60E+01

1.71E+02

2.98E+02

2.66E+02

30

9.49E+01

6.68E+01

8.19E+00

5.18E+01

7.26E+00

3.05E+00

9.66E+01

1.99E+02

2.00E+02

40

4.30E+01

2.60E+01

1.45E+00

1.75E+01

2.22E+00

1.44E+00

5.39E+01

1.24E+02

1.54E+02

50

1.90E+01

9.82E+00

2.54E−01

5.72E+00

1.11E+00

9.81E−01

2.94E+01

7.35E+01

1.21E+02

75

2.55E+00

8.28E−01

4.62E−03

3.64E−01

3.99E−01

4.18E−01

5.85E+00

1.89E+01

6.84E+01

100

3.81E−01

6.94E−02

2.60E−04

2.68E−02

1.54E−01

1.75E−01

1.01E+00

5.41E+00

3.85E+01

150

1.53E−02

5.22E−04

7.14E−06

1.60E−04

2.18E−02

2.85E−02

2.40E−02

7.62E−01

1.15E+01

200

5.91E−04

4.69E−07

2.97E−07

1.73E−07

3.14E−03

4.62E−03

4.17E−04

1.25E−01

3.31E+00

  1. Neutron transmission indexes pSv cm2 for neutrons of 2.5 MeV

Thickness (cm)

Concrete ordinary

Concrete barium

Concrete colemanite

Concrete hematite

Water

CH2

Steel stainless steel

Glass lead

Lead

0

4.05E+02

4.05E+02

4.05E+02

4.05E+02

4.05E+02

4.05E+02

4.05E+02

4.05E+02

4.05E+02

2.5

4.12E+02

4.10E+02

4.15E+02

4.18E+02

4.23E+02

4.30E+02

4.26E+02

4.19E+02

4.32E+02

5

4.01E+02

3.93E+02

3.83E+02

4.00E+02

3.93E+02

3.87E+02

3.94E+02

4.15E+02

4.22E+02

7.5

3.82E+02

3.62E+02

3.29E+02

3.65E+02

3.39E+02

3.15E+02

3.50E+02

4.03E+02

4.01E+02

10

3.56E+02

3.25E+02

2.70E+02

3.22E+02

2.78E+02

2.42E+02

3.06E+02

3.87E+02

3.76E+02

20

2.32E+02

1.77E+02

9.55E+01

1.57E+02

1.01E+02

6.60E+01

1.71E+02

2.94E+02

2.80E+02

30

1.31E+02

8.39E+01

2.85E+01

6.37E+01

3.17E+01

1.62E+01

9.64E+01

2.00E+02

2.12E+02

40

6.91E+01

3.74E+01

7.91E+00

2.40E+01

9.99E+00

4.57E+00

5.38E+01

1.27E+02

1.64E+02

50

3.48E+01

1.60E+01

2.10E+00

8.68E+00

3.47E+00

1.84E+00

2.91E+01

7.80E+01

1.29E+02

75

5.75E+00

1.81E+00

7.52E−02

6.29E−01

5.61E−01

5.69E−01

5.73E+00

2.18E+01

7.34E+01

100

9.08E−01

1.91E−01

3.67E−03

4.61E−02

1.89E−01

2.38E−01

9.81E−01

6.37E+00

4.12E+01

150

2.25E−02

1.94E−03

5.02E−05

1.51E−04

2.65E−02

4.06E−02

2.22E−02

8.23E−01

1.21E+01

200

8.44E−04

4.37E−06

1.58E−06

1.96E−07

3.36E−03

7.20E−03

3.93E−04

1.31E−01

3.40E+00

  1. Neutron transmission indexes pSv cm2 for neutrons 5 MeV

Thickness (cm)

Concrete ordinary

Concrete barium

Concrete colemanite

Concrete hematite

Water

CH2

Steel stainless steel

Glass lead

Lead

0

4.40E+02

4.40E+02

4.40E+02

4.40E+02

4.40E+02

4.40E+02

4.40E+02

4.40E+02

4.40E+02

2.5

4.34E+02

4.42E+02

4.41E+02

4.41E+02

4.51E+02

4.58E+02

4.47E+02

4.51E+02

5.04E+02

5

4.09E+02

4.16E+02

4.07E+02

4.13E+02

4.33E+02

4.40E+02

4.16E+02

4.39E+02

5.21E+02

7.5

3.78E+02

3.79E+02

3.58E+02

3.73E+02

3.95E+02

4.00E+02

3.74E+02

4.18E+02

5.18E+02

10

3.44E+02

3.36E+02

3.04E+02

3.27E+02

3.50E+02

3.49E+02

3.29E+02

3.92E+02

5.05E+02

20

2.10E+02

1.80E+02

1.32E+02

1.61E+02

1.81E+02

1.65E+02

1.86E+02

2.78E+02

4.15E+02

30

1.15E+02

8.66E+01

5.08E+01

6.78E+01

8.35E+01

6.82E+01

1.04E+02

1.77E+02

3.26E+02

40

6.01E+01

3.95E+01

1.87E+01

2.66E+01

3.72E+01

2.76E+01

5.79E+01

1.07E+02

2.56E+02

50

3.05E+01

1.75E+01

6.81E+00

1.00E+01

1.68E+01

1.13E+01

3.16E+01

6.27E+01

2.01E+02

75

5.35E+00

2.17E+00

5.92E−01

8.26E−01

2.74E+00

1.75E+00

6.32E+00

1.65E+01

1.12E+02

100

9.50E−01

2.59E−01

7.31E−02

6.47E−02

7.01E−01

5.26E−01

1.12E+00

4.93E+00

6.16E+01

150

3.31E−02

3.26E−03

3.46E−03

3.95E−04

1.29E−01

1.01E−01

2.81E−02

6.74E−01

1.78E+01

200

1.48E−03

1.18E−04

2.19E−04

4.10E−07

3.29E−02

2.24E−02

6.17E−04

1.09E−01

5.06E+00

  1. Neutron transmission indexes pSv cm2 for 10 MeV neutrons

Thickness (cm)

Concrete ordinary

Concrete barium

Concrete colemanite

Concrete hematite

Water

CH2

Steel stainless steel

Glass lead

Lead

0

5.20E+02

5.20E+02

5.20E+02

5.20E+02

5.20E+02

5.20E+02

5.20E+02

5.20E+02

5.20E+02

2.5

5.15E+02

5.29E+02

5.18E+02

5.24E+02

5.26E+02

5.28E+02

5.33E+02

5.38E+02

6.12E+02

5

4.88E+02

5.08E+02

4.82E+02

4.93E+02

5.09E+02

5.08E+02

5.02E+02

5.30E+02

6.49E+02

7.5

4.54E+02

4.71E+02

4.31E+02

4.46E+02

4.75E+02

4.70E+02

4.57E+02

5.10E+02

6.56E+02

10

4.15E+02

4.27E+02

3.74E+02

3.93E+02

4.33E+02

4.22E+02

4.08E+02

4.84E+02

6.50E+02

20

2.60E+02

2.45E+02

1.80E+02

1.98E+02

2.58E+02

2.37E+02

2.39E+02

3.52E+02

5.53E+02

30

1.48E+02

1.25E+02

7.62E+01

8.63E+01

1.37E+02

1.18E+02

1.35E+02

2.30E+02

4.42E+02

40

7.98E+01

5.98E+01

3.06E+01

3.51E+01

7.00E+01

5.67E+01

7.47E+01

1.41E+02

3.50E+02

50

4.18E+01

2.80E+01

1.20E+01

1.37E+01

3.51E+01

2.67E+01

4.07E+01

8.39E+01

2.77E+02

75

7.81E+00

3.95E+00

1.17E+00

1.22E+00

6.42E+00

4.37E+00

8.13E+00

2.25E+01

1.54E+02

100

1.42E+00

5.25E−01

1.35E−01

9.76E−02

1.46E+00

9.76E−01

1.44E+00

6.70E+00

8.54E+01

150

5.17E−02

8.96E−03

5.02E−03

7.39E−04

1.86E−01

1.28E−01

3.61E−02

8.93E−01

2.48E+01

200

1.28E−03

3.15E−05

4.74E−04

3.52E−07

4.41E−02

2.88E−02

5.98E−04

1.43E−01

7.16E+00

  1. Neutron transmission indexes pSv cm2 for 14 MeV neutrons

Thickness (cm)

Concrete ordinary

Concrete barium

Concrete colemanite

Concrete hematite

Water

CH2

Steel stainless steel

Glass lead

Lead

0

3.87E+02

3.87E+02

3.87E+02

3.87E+02

3.87E+02

3.87E+02

3.87E+02

3.87E+02

3.87E+02

2.5

3.92E+02

3.87E+02

3.54E+02

3.87E+02

3.42E+02

3.28E+02

3.95E+02

4.06E+02

4.07E+02

5

3.58E+02

3.44E+02

2.69E+02

3.41E+02

2.55E+02

2.27E+02

3.60E+02

3.89E+02

3.90E+02

7.5

3.13E+02

2.92E+02

1.92E+02

2.86E+02

1.80E+02

1.46E+02

3.18E+02

3.63E+02

3.66E+02

10

2.69E+02

2.40E+02

1.33E+02

2.32E+02

1.24E+02

9.30E+01

2.78E+02

3.34E+02

3.41E+02

20

1.27E+02

9.70E+01

2.97E+01

8.60E+01

2.90E+01

1.68E+01

1.59E+02

2.18E+02

2.52E+02

30

5.69E+01

3.69E+01

6.85E+00

2.88E+01

8.18E+00

4.46E+00

8.99E+01

1.31E+02

1.90E+02

40

2.45E+01

1.40E+01

1.66E+00

9.47E+00

2.90E+00

1.86E+00

5.02E+01

7.46E+01

1.47E+02

50

1.08E+01

5.32E+00

4.27E−01

3.13E+00

1.36E+00

1.06E+00

2.71E+01

4.20E+01

1.15E+02

75

1.70E+00

4.94E−01

2.07E−02

1.97E−01

3.75E−01

3.97E−01

5.33E+00

1.06E+01

6.39E+01

100

2.66E−01

4.65E−02

1.54E−03

1.37E−02

1.35E−01

1.61E−01

9.14E−01

3.31E+00

3.51E+01

150

8.19E−03

4.96E−04

4.28E−05

9.74E−05

1.97E−02

2.76E−02

2.15E−02

5.23E−01

1.01E+01

200

4.00E−04

3.97E−06

3.58E−06

1.49E−07

2.88E−03

4.69E−03

4.41E−04

8.47E−02

2.89E+00

  1. Neutron transmission indexes pSv cm2 for a neutron spectrum of a source of 244Cm

Thickness (cm)

Concrete ordinary

Concrete barium

Concrete colemanite

Concrete hematite

Water

CH2

Steel stainless steel

Glass lead

Lead

0

3.92E+02

3.92E+02

3.92E+02

3.92E+02

3.92E+02

3.92E+02

3.92E+02

3.92E+02

3.92E+02

2.5

4.01E+02

4.00E+02

3.86E+02

4.02E+02

3.85E+02

3.78E+02

4.06E+02

4.11E+02

4.16E+02

5

3.79E+02

3.71E+02

3.32E+02

3.72E+02

3.32E+02

3.11E+02

3.74E+02

4.01E+02

4.04E+02

7.5

3.47E+02

3.31E+02

2.68E+02

3.28E+02

2.70E+02

2.39E+02

3.32E+02

3.82E+02

3.83E+02

10

3.12E+02

2.87E+02

2.09E+02

2.80E+02

2.14E+02

1.78E+02

2.90E+02

3.59E+02

3.59E+02

20

1.79E+02

1.40E+02

6.80E+01

1.25E+02

7.49E+01

5.06E+01

1.64E+02

2.55E+02

2.68E+02

30

9.34E+01

6.20E+01

2.05E+01

4.83E+01

2.60E+01

1.52E+01

9.24E+01

1.65E+02

2.02E+02

40

4.68E+01

2.64E+01

6.16E+00

1.77E+01

9.47E+00

5.34E+00

5.15E+01

1.01E+02

1.56E+02

50

2.29E+01

1.10E+01

1.87E+00

6.29E+00

3.87E+00

2.27E+00

2.80E+01

6.01E+01

1.23E+02

75

3.77E+00

1.22E+00

1.12E−01

4.67E−01

6.90E−01

5.89E−01

5.53E+00

1.62E+01

6.79E+01

100

6.21E−01

1.30E−01

1.11E−02

3.00E−02

2.12E−01

2.29E−01

9.57E−01

4.87E+00

3.74E+01

150

2.08E−02

1.64E−03

3.46E−04

1.40E−04

3.26E−02

4.12E−02

2.40E−02

6.80E−01

1.08E+01

200

7.47E−04

2.36E−06

2.37E−05

4.88E−07

5.99E−03

7.77E−03

4.07E−04

1.10E−01

3.10E+00

  1. Neutron transmission indexes pSv cm2 for a neutron spectrum of a source of 241Am-Be

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Antoni, R., Bourgois, L. (2017). Protection Against External Exposition, General Principles. In: Applied Physics of External Radiation Exposure. Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48660-4_5

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