Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Current Guidelines for Colonoscopy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Advanced Colonoscopy and Endoluminal Surgery

  • 985 Accesses

Abstract

Colorectal cancer is one of the most frequent cancers and cause of cancer-related mortality. Cancer-specific outcomes and survival correlate with the tumor stage at the time of diagnosis. Development of sporadic colorectal cancer is a slow process over 7–10 years and goes through a number of genetic steps to transform normal colonic mucosa through stages of precursor lesions (polyps) to an invasive and metastasizing cancer. A number of high-risk constellations (e.g., genetic mutations) may be characterized by a shortened time course. Presence of clinical symptoms warrants a diagnostic workup. In contrast, colorectal cancer screening aims at testing specific asymptomatic patient cohorts based on their risk stratification with the goal to reduce the overall cancer incidence by removing precursor lesion and to improve cancer survival by detecting cancer at an earlier stage.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

ACS:

American Cancer Society

ACG:

American College of Gastroenterology

AGA:

America Gastroenterology Association

ASCRS:

American Society of Colon & Rectal Surgeons

ASGE:

American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

CRC:

Colorectal cancer

CRP:

C-reactive protein

FIT:

Fecal immunochemical testing

FOBT:

Fecal occult blood testing

FAP/AFAP:

Familial adenomatous polyposis/attenuated FAP

HNPCC:

Lynch syndrome, hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer

IBD:

Inflammatory bowel disease

MAP:

MUTYH-associated polyposis

WBC:

White blood cells

References

  1. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures. 2016. http://www.cancerorg/acs/groups/content/@research/documents/document/acspc-047079pdf. Accessed 22 Mar 2016.

  2. Hemmasi G, Sohrabi M, Zamani F, et al. Prevalence of colorectal adenoma in an average-risk population aged 40–50 versus 50–60 years. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2015;24:386–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. O’Connell JB, Maggard MA, Ko CY. Colon cancer survival rates with the new American Joint Committee on Cancer sixth edition staging.[see comment]. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96:1420–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Rex DK, Johnson DA, Anderson JC, Schoenfeld PS, Burke CA, Inadomi JM. American College of Gastroenterology guidelines for colorectal cancer screening 2009 [corrected]. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:739–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. American Cancer Society recommendations for colorectal cancer early detection. 2016. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/colonandrectumcancer/moreinformation/colonandrectumcancerearlydetection/colorectal-cancer-early-detection-acs-recommendations. Accessed 25 Mar 2016.

  6. Ko C, Hyman NH. Practice parameter for the detection of colorectal neoplasms: an interim report (revised). Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49:299–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Levin B, Lieberman DA, McFarland B, et al. Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a joint guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. CA Cancer J Clin. 2008;58:130–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Davila RE, Rajan E, Baron TH, et al. ASGE guideline: colorectal cancer screening and surveillance. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;63:546–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Levin B, Lieberman DA, McFarland B, et al. Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a joint guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:1570–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Ho MN, et al. Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy. The National Polyp Study Workgroup N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1977–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Zauber AG, Winawer SJ, O’Brien MJ, et al. Colonoscopic polypectomy and long-term prevention of colorectal-cancer deaths. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:687–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Cairns SR, Scholefield JH, Steele RJ, et al. Guidelines for colorectal cancer screening and surveillance in moderate and high risk groups (update from 2002). Gut. 2010;59:666–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Adler A, Wegscheider K, Lieberman D, et al. Factors determining the quality of screening colonoscopy: a prospective study on adenoma detection rates, from 12,134 examinations (Berlin colonoscopy project 3, BECOP-3). Gut. 2013;62:236–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Fayad NF, Kahi CJ. Quality measures for colonoscopy: a critical evaluation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12:1973–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Anderson JC, Butterly LF, Robinson CM, Goodrich M, Weiss JE. Impact of fair bowel preparation quality on adenoma and serrated polyp detection: data from the New Hampshire colonoscopy registry by using a standardized preparation-quality rating. Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;80:463–70.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Fletcher RH, et al. Guidelines for colonoscopy surveillance after polypectomy: a consensus update by the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer and the American Cancer Society. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:1872–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Winawer SJ. Long-term colorectal-cancer mortality after adenoma removal. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:2035–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Etzioni DA, Yano EM, Rubenstein LV, et al. Measuring the quality of colorectal cancer screening: the importance of follow-up. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49:1002–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Seeff LC, Nadel MR, Klabunde CN, et al. Patterns and predictors of colorectal cancer test use in the adult U.S. population. Cancer. 2004;100:2093–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Shapiro JA, Klabunde CN, Thompson TD, Nadel MR, Seeff LC, White A. Patterns of colorectal cancer test use, including CT colonography, in the 2010 National Health Interview Survey. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2012;21:895–904.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Ko CW, Dominitz JA. Complications of colonoscopy: magnitude and management. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2010;20:659–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Warren JL, Klabunde CN, Mariotto AB, et al. Adverse events after outpatient colonoscopy in the Medicare population. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:849–57. W152

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Gatto NM, Frucht H, Sundararajan V, Jacobson JS, Grann VR, Neugut AI. Risk of perforation after colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy: a population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95:230–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Committee ASoP, Fisher DA, Maple JT, et al. Complications of colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;74:745–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Ladas SD, Karamanolis G, Ben-Soussan E. Colonic gas explosion during therapeutic colonoscopy with electrocautery. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13:5295–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Monahan DW, Peluso FE, Goldner F. Combustible colonic gas levels during flexible sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1992;38:40–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Acosta RD, Abraham NS, Chandrasekhara V, et al. The management of antithrombotic agents for patients undergoing GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2016;83:3–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Garcia DA, Regan S, Henault LE, et al. Risk of thromboembolism with short-term interruption of warfarin therapy. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:63–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Siddiqui U, Denise PD. Flexible sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy during pregnancy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2006;16:59–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Devaraj B, Kaiser AM. Surgical management of ulcerative colitis in the era of biologicals. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21:208–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Um JW, M’Koma AE. Pouch-related dysplasia and adenocarcinoma following restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. Tech Coloproctol. 2011;15:7–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Lin OS, Kozarek RA, Schembre DB, et al. Screening colonoscopy in very elderly patients: prevalence of neoplasia and estimated impact on life expectancy. JAMA. 2006;295:2357–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Ko CW, Sonnenberg A. Comparing risks and benefits of colorectal cancer screening in elderly patients. Gastroenterology. 2005;129:1163–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Wilson JA. Colon cancer screening in the elderly: when do we stop? Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2010;121:94–103.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. van Hees F, Saini SD, Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, et al. Personalizing colonoscopy screening for elderly individuals based on screening history, cancer risk, and comorbidity status could increase cost effectiveness. Gastroenterology. 2015;149:1425–37.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Keck Medical Center of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Nallely Saldana-Ruiz M.D., M.P.H.

  2. Department of Colorectal Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 7418, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA

    Andreas M. Kaiser M.D., F.A.C.S., F.A.S.C.R.S.

Authors
  1. Nallely Saldana-Ruiz M.D., M.P.H.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Andreas M. Kaiser M.D., F.A.C.S., F.A.S.C.R.S.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andreas M. Kaiser M.D., F.A.C.S., F.A.S.C.R.S. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery - Colon and Rectal Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Sang W. Lee

  2. Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery Department of Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Howard M. Ross

  3. Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery Northwell Health, Huntington Hospital Hofstra School of Medicine, Woodbury, New York, USA

    David E. Rivadeneira

  4. Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Scott R. Steele

  5. Division of Colorectal Surgery Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA

    Daniel L. Feingold

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Saldana-Ruiz, N., Kaiser, A.M. (2017). Current Guidelines for Colonoscopy. In: Lee, S., Ross, H., Rivadeneira, D., Steele, S., Feingold, D. (eds) Advanced Colonoscopy and Endoluminal Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48370-2_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48370-2_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-48368-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-48370-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation