Abstract
This study aims at investigating which cues teachers detect and process from their students during instruction. This information capturing process depends on teachers’ sensitivity, or awareness, to students’ needs, which has been recognized as crucial for classroom management. We recorded the gaze behaviors of two pre-service teachers and two experienced teachers during a whole math lesson in primary classrooms. Thanks to a simple Learning Analytics interface, the data analysis reports, firstly, which were the most often tracked students, in relation with their classroom behavior and performance; secondly, which relationships exist between teachers’ attentional frequency distribution and lability, and the overall classroom climate they promote, measured by the Classroom Assessment Scoring System. Results show that participants’ gaze patterns are mainly related to their experience. Learning Analytics use cases are eventually presented, enabling researchers or teacher trainers to further explore the eye-tracking data.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Rittenbruch, M., McEwan, G.: An historical reflection of awareness in collaboration. In: Markopoulos, P., Mackay, W., de Ruyter, B. (eds.) Awareness Systems: Advances in Theory, Methodology and Design, pp. 3–48. Springer, London (2009)
Pianta, R.C., La Paro, K.M., Hamre, B.K.: Classroom Assessment Scoring System: Manual K-3. Brookes, Baltimore (2008)
Kounin, J.S.: Discipline and Group Management in Classrooms. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York (1970)
Lundgren, U.P.: Frame Factors and the Teaching Process. Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm (1972)
Hastie, P.A., Sinelnikov, O.A., Brock, S.J., Sharpe, T.L., Eiler, K., Mowling, C.: Kounin revisited: tentative postulates for an expanded examination of classroom ecologies. J. Teach. Phys. Educ. 26, 298–309 (2007)
Irving, O., Martin, J.: Withitness: the confusing variable. Am. Educ. Res. J. 19(2), 313–319 (1982)
Wanlin, P.: Elèves forts ou faibles: qui donne le tempo? Université de Liège, Liège (2011)
Ericsson, K.A., Simon, H.A.: Verbal reports as data. Psychol. Rev. 87, 215–251 (1980)
Salvucci, D.D., Anderson, J.R.: Automated eye-movement protocol analysis. Hum. Comput. Interact. 16, 39–86 (2001)
Mele, M.L., Federici, S.: A psychotechnological review on eye-tracking systems: towards user experience. Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol. 7(4), 261–281 (2012)
Yang, F.-Y., Chang, C.-Y., Chien, W.-R., Chien, Y.-T., Tseng, Y.-H.: Tracking learners’ visual attention during a multimedia presentation in a real classroom. Comput. Educ. 62, 208–220 (2013)
Prieto, L.P., Sharma, K., Wen, Y., Dillenbourg, P.: The burden of facilitating collaboration: towards estimation of teacher orchestration load using eye-tracking measures. In: 11th International Conference on CSCL 2015, vol. 1, pp. 212–219. ISLS, Gothenburg (2015)
Wolff, C., Van den Bogert, N., Jarodzka, H., Boshuizen, H.P.A.: Differences between experienced and student teachers’ perceptions and interpretations of classroom management events. In: Inter-University Center for Educational Sciences Fall School, Girona, Spain (2012)
van den Bogert, N., van Bruggen, J., Kostons, D., Jochems, W.M.G.: First steps into understanding teachers’ visual perception of classroom events. Teaching Teach. Educ. 37, 208–216 (2014)
Cortina, K.S., Miller, K.F., McKenzie, R., Epstein, A.: Where low and high inference data converge: validation of CLASS assessment of mathematics instruction using mobile eye tracking with expert and novice teachers. Int. J. Sci. Math. Educ. 13(2), 389–403 (2015)
Doyle, W.: Classroom organization and management. In: Wittrock, M.C. (ed.) Handbook of Research on Teaching, pp. 392–431. McMillan, New York (1986)
Gettinger, M., Kohler, K.M.: Process-outcome approaches to classroom management and effective teaching. In: Evertson, C.M., Weinstein, C.S. (eds.) Handbook of Classroom Management: Research, Practice, and Contemporary Issues, pp. 73–96. Erlbaum, Mahwah (2006)
Guimard, P., Cosnefroy, O., Florin, A.: Evaluation des comportements et des compétences scolaires par les enseignants et prédiction des performances et des parcours à l’école élémentaire et au collège. Orientation Scolaire et Professionnelle 36(2), 179–202 (2007)
Hora, M.T., Oleson, A., Ferrare, J.J.: Teaching Dimensions Observation Protocol (TDOP) User’s Manual. Wisconsin Center for Education Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison (2013)
Sloetjes, H., Wittenburg, P.: Annotation by category – ELAN and ISO DCR. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2008). ELRA, Marrakech (2008)
Bouhineau, D., Lalle, S., Luengo, V., Mandran, N., Ortega, M., Wajeman, C.: Share data treatment and analysis processes in technology enhanced learning. In: Data Analysis and Interpretation for Learning Environments Workshop, Held in Conjunction with the Alpine Rendez-Vous ‘2013, Villard-de-Lans, France (2013)
Vatrapu, R., Reimann, P., Halb, W., Bull, S.: Second international workshop on teaching analytics. In: Proceedings of Third International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK 2013), pp. 287–289. ACM, New York (2013)
Hattie, J.: Visible Learning: A Synthesis of over 800 Meta-analyses Relating to Achievement. Routledge, New York (2009)
Hogan, T., Rabinowitz, M., Craven, J.A.: Representation in teaching: inferences from research of expert and novice teachers. Educ. Psychol. 38(4), 235–247 (2003)
Doyle, W.: Making managerial decisions in classrooms. In: Luke, D.L. (ed.) Classroom Management, pp. 42–74. University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1979)
Ward, P., Williams, M., Hancock, P.A.: Simulation for performance and training. In: Ericsson, K.A., Charness, N., Feltovich, P.J., Hoffman, R.R. (eds.) The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance, pp. 243–262. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2006)
Holmqvist, K., Nyström, M., Andersson, R., Dewhurst, R., Jarodzka, H., van de Weijer, J.: Eye Tracking: A Comprehensive Guide to Methods and Measures. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2011)
Acknowledgments
This research was partly funded by the Pôle Grenoble Cognition, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France. This research was approved by the CERNI (University’s local ethical committee, n° 2013-09-24-25). We would like to thank the four teachers for having accepted to wear so weird a device and nevertheless doing good teaching; Brigitte Meillon for her invaluable help in calibrating, capturing, and post-producing the video footages; Michèle Arnoux and Mathieu Louvart for CLASS and videos’ coding; Luc Sindirian and Pascal Bilau for making this research possible; and Andrea Doos for checking the English of a previous version of this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this paper
Cite this paper
Dessus, P., Cosnefroy, O., Luengo, V. (2016). “Keep Your Eyes on ’em all!”: A Mobile Eye-Tracking Analysis of Teachers’ Sensitivity to Students. In: Verbert, K., Sharples, M., Klobučar, T. (eds) Adaptive and Adaptable Learning. EC-TEL 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 9891. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45153-4_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45153-4_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-45152-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-45153-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)