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Reference Circuits

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Analog-to-Digital Conversion

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Abstract

Every converter needs a reference quantity to link the numerical values on one side of the converter to a physical quantity on the other side. Several requirements are posed on the reference generator. The most common reference is based on the band-gap energy of silicon. The general scheme for a band-gap circuit is extensively discussed as well as the limitations of the various components. The effect of mismatch in this circuit is described at the hand of an example. Finally a few implementations of low-voltage band-gap circuits are shown.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The author thankfully acknowledges the corrections by Dr. Anne-Johan Annema, University Twente.

  2. 2.

    Don’t say: “This will not happen to me.”

  3. 3.

    The correction factor to get I pn (V pn  = 0) = 0 has been omitted.

  4. 4.

    It is certainly possible to use two identical diodes and feeding two different currents. However, designing an accurate current ratio appears more difficult than designing an array of diodes.

  5. 5.

    Temperature dependence of the resistors or other components is canceled during the fine tuning of N R in the simulation.

  6. 6.

    see Stefan Marinca, ADI patents, e.g., US6.891.358.

  7. 7.

    Specialized processes with layer of tungsten or titanium compounds offer resistors with far better properties.

  8. 8.

    It is unknown how this paper reached the internet.

  9. 9.

    The same math applies here as for the standard circuit.

  10. 10.

    This option is mentioned in product announcements by Xicor and Intersil, e.g., application note AN177.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. HELMOND, Noord-Brabant, The Netherlands

    Marcel Pelgrom

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Pelgrom, M. (2017). Reference Circuits. In: Analog-to-Digital Conversion. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44971-5_6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44971-5_6

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