Abstract
So the Higgs has been found—but where is new physics? Beyond the discovery of the Higgs boson and the measurements of its properties, the LHC was designed as a discovery machine for TeV-scale physics. Guided by naturalness arguments, there were high hopes in finding new physics “just around the (LEP) corner”, i.e. new particles in the 100–1000 GeV mass range. Unfortunately, after Run I of the LHC no significant excess was observed in the search for new physics in spite of the large variety of analyses performed by the ATLAS, CMS and LHCb collaborations. If new physics connected to electroweak symmetry breaking is indeed present, it is either well hidden, somewhat “unnatural” (in the case where the BSM particles are rather heavy), or it has experimental signatures not yet looked for or not yet thought of.
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Notes
- 1.
A very general search for events possibly including isolated electrons, photons and muons, as well as (b-)jets and missing transverse momentum has been performed by ATLAS [3]. While valuable, such a search approach is much less sensitive than optimized searches for specific models.
- 2.
- 3.
In the case of the production of a pair of charginos followed by slepton-mediated decays, it is assumed that the three flavors of (s)leptons contribute to the signal in this ATLAS analysis [13]. This is in contrast with the usual definition of the symbol \(\ell \) in this thesis.
- 4.
The XSECTION statement is not part of the SLHA standard yet but it has been proposed at the 2013 Les Houches workshop, see [20].
- 5.
However, the statistical interpretation of these simplified model results is not straightforward as only observed upper limits at 95 % CL are available.
- 6.
The definitions of acceptance and efficiency as taken in Fig. 3.5 do not match with the ones given in Sect. 2.3, where A is the geometrical acceptance of the detector and \(\varepsilon \) is the efficiency of the cuts. Instead, A is defined as the fraction of signal events which pass the analysis selection performed on Monte Carlo “truth” objects and \(\varepsilon \) is a correcting factor for the reconstruction level cuts applied to reconstructed objects. Their product, \(A \times \varepsilon \), is the same irrespective of the individual definitions of A and \(\varepsilon \).
- 7.
Three preliminary ATLAS searches for electroweak-inos and sleptons [25–27] are implemented in FastLim 1.0, but cannot be used to constrain new physics because no efficiency map is given for any of the relevant topologies. Thus, only seven analyses are actually used in the current version of the program.
- 8.
While the resulting pattern of heavy squarks and light sleptons is not the only possible choice, it seems well motivated from GUT-inspired models in which squarks typically turn out heavier than sleptons due to RGE running. Moreover, current LHC results indicate that squarks cannot be light. For a counter-example with light sbottoms, see Ref. [55].
- 9.
Note that selectrons and smuons are safely above the LEP bound [14] since \(M_{L_1} > 100~\mathrm{GeV}\) and \(M_{R_1} > 100~\mathrm{GeV}\).
- 10.
This is particularly the case in our study because our preferred very light neutralino scenarios have a small value for \(\mu \) of order 200 GeV.
- 11.
- 12.
We also apply the democratic case if decays into selectrons/smuons are more important then those into staus, but this hardly ever occurs for the scenarios of interest.
- 13.
To account for the lower local density when the neutralino relic density is below the measured range, the predicted \(\sigma _\mathrm{SI}\) is rescaled by a factor \(\xi = \Omega h^2/0.1189\).
- 14.
We thank Thomas Schwetz and Nassim Bozorgnia for providing this code.
- 15.
This assumption is central when applying the gluino mass limits from LHC searches.
- 16.
We also performed MCMC sampling allowing \(m_{\tilde{\nu }_{1e}}>M_Z/2\) up to 3 TeV, keeping only the \(\tilde{\nu }_{1\tau }\) light, but the conclusions remain unchanged. So we will present our results only for the case \(m_{\tilde{\nu }_{1\tau }}<m_{\tilde{\nu }_{1e}}<M_Z/2\).
- 17.
Note that if the electron/muon/tau sneutrinos are co-LSPs, this has important consequences for the relic density [100]. The \(e,\mu ,\tau \) sneutrino mass hierarchy moreover has important consequences for the LHC phenomenology (more electrons and muons instead of tau leptons from cascade decays), and for the annihilation channels for indirect detection signals. Furthermore, for a very light \(\tau \)-sneutrino, \(m_{\tilde{\nu }_{1\tau }} < m_{\tau } \simeq 1.78\) GeV, annihilation into a pair of tau leptons is kinematically forbidden, while for \(\tilde{\nu }_{1e,\mu }\) of the same mass annihilations into electrons or muons would be allowed.
- 18.
In [141] XENON100 data has been implemented in a Bayesian study by constructing a likelihood function from the Poisson distribution based on the total number of expected signal and background events. We have checked that such a procedure leads to similar results as our approach based on the maximum-gap method.
- 19.
Effectively, we impose \(\mathcal{B}(B_s \rightarrow \mu ^+\mu ^-) < 5.4 \times 10^{-9}\) as a hard cut, but we have checked that this makes no difference as compared to reweighing the likelihood according to Eq. (3.11).
- 20.
To be more precise, it gets disfavored by a heavy wino, since \(m_{\tilde{g}}>1\) TeV implies \(m_{\tilde{\chi }^0_2}\gtrsim 300\) GeV in our model.
- 21.
As mentioned in Sect. 3.3.2, the sneutrino can also annihilate through the heavy scalar (not the pseudoscalar!) Higgs resonance. We have checked that this process does occur in our chains. However, it turns out that it is statistically insignificant and does not single out any special region of parameter space.
- 22.
- 23.
We thank Ursula Laa for running SmodelS on the SLHA files.
- 24.
The choice of Gaussian distributions is highly subjective. For instance, the Poisson distribution may model better the knowledge of the background if it is directly taken from an auxiliary measurement. Also, the uncertainty on the signal cross section usually includes the variation of the factorization and renormalization scales in a given range to account for the unknown higher-order effects. This does not have any well-defined statistical meaning. Finally, one might prefer to have a probability distribution function defined in \(\mathbb {R}^+\) only.
- 25.
Strictly speaking, there exists a third class of events once detector simulation has been included. In this case, the event final state consists of tracks and calorimeter deposits. MadAnalysis 5 has not been designed to analyze those events and physics objects such as (candidate) jets and electrons must be reconstructed prior to be able to use the program.
- 26.
In order to activate the support of MadAnalysis 5 for the output format of Delphes 3, the user is requested to start the MadAnalysis 5 interpreter (in the normal execution mode of the program) and to type install delphes.
- 27.
Note that MadAnalysis 5 version 1.2 can be run with the standalone Delphes; Delphes-MA5tune is no longer required, see http://madanalysis.irmp.ucl.ac.be/wiki/PublicAnalysisDatabase.
- 28.
The Python code requires SciPy libraries to be installed.
- 29.
The search also contains an analysis based on multivariate analysis techniques (MVA); such analyses generically cannot be externally reproduced unless the final MVA is given. As this is not the case so far, we here only use the cut-based version of the analysis.
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Dumont, B. (2017). Interpreting LHC Searches for New Physics. In: Higgs, Supersymmetry and Dark Matter After Run I of the LHC. Springer Theses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44956-2_3
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