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Cancer, Ageing and Immunosenescence

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The Ageing Immune System and Health

Abstract

Worldwide the percentage of individuals older than 60 years is growing due to the increase in longevity. Age is an important risk factor for cancer and subjects aged over 60 also have a higher risk of comorbidities. Approximately 50 % of neoplasms occur in patients older than 70 years and these patients often have a range of therapies ranging from surgery, adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapy, or even palliative chemotherapy. While the OPAS (Pan American Health Organization) considers elderly subjects to be those aged over 60 years and for the WHO (World Health Organization) it is subjects over 65 years, a major concern for poor prognosis is with cancer patients over 70–75 years. These patients have a lower functional reserve, a higher risk of toxicity after chemotherapy, and an increased risk of infection and renal complications that lead to a poor quality of life. Several biomarkers (immunological and physiological) have been evaluated in cancer aiming to improve diagnostics, to predict whether a patient could have any benefit from a specific treatment, and to perform patient follow-up. Cancer is a complex disease and in this chapter we will discuss the distribution of cancer cases in older adults, the most important types of cancer in this population, treatment and outcomes, and possible immunosenescence characteristics related to cancer in the aged.

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Abbreviations

OPAS:

Pan American Health Organization

WHO:

World Health Organization

US:

United States of America

UK:

United Kingdom

ECOG:

Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group

CGA:

Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment

CRASH:

Chemotherapy Risk Assessment Scale

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, UNIFESP Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Nora Manoukian Forones

  2. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, UNIFESP Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, São Paulo, Brazil

    Valquiria Bueno

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  1. Nora Manoukian Forones
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  2. Valquiria Bueno
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Correspondence to Valquiria Bueno .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology UNIFESP Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Valquiria Bueno

  2. MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing Birmingham University Medical School Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

    Janet M. Lord

  3. Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Birmingham, United Kingdom

    Thomas A. Jackson

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© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

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Forones, N.M., Bueno, V. (2017). Cancer, Ageing and Immunosenescence. In: Bueno, V., Lord, J., Jackson, T. (eds) The Ageing Immune System and Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43365-3_7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43365-3_7

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-43363-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-43365-3

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