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Problems About Enforcement

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Neurolaw

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Abstract

The modern culture is constructed according to dualistic and holistic approaches. However, the neurosciences question the value or weight of a single personality greater than its recognition, especially through two concepts or discoveries: the existence of the so-called “extended” mind and the acknowledgement of the role of the so-called social intelligence, or even of the “social brain”. This change certainly places the individual in a relationship with the world which is in some ways different from the past. The most important innovation of the nineteenth century was indeed constituted by the arrival of new studying methods applied to public law, borrowed from the scientific and above all sociological positivism and it was not instead, as it is often believed, constituted by the Liberal Constitutions. Within this tumultuous “progress” the neuroscientific discoveries are kind of a “Copernican Revolution” because they question the free will link that had created the illusion of a possible dialogue on equal terms among the human beings. The mere inclusion of the neuroscientific discoveries in the system in force is undoubtedly something important, but it could reveal itself as risky and from this perspective the author analyzes the legal capacity and the ability to act and he tries to establish a new theory rooted on the importance of the species.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Kelsen (1920), Finnis (1991, 2007), Fuller (1964; 1969), Green (1988), Greenawalt (1987), Himma (2003), Kramer (2004), Leiter (2001), Waldron (2001), and Lyons (1984).

  2. 2.

    Bandura (1977, 1986).

  3. 3.

    Minda (1996).

  4. 4.

    Zolo (2010), Garey (2005), and Brysck and Sharif (2004).

  5. 5.

    De Caro et al. (2013).

  6. 6.

    Gadamer (2000).

  7. 7.

    The Italian Constitution beautifully expresses this concept in the Article 2, albeit with a blatantly dualistic perspective: “The Republic recognizes and guarantees the inviolable rights of man, both as an individual and in the social groups (…) and demands the fulfillment of the mandatory duties of political, economic and social solidarity”. We might say with a bit of humor that the Constitution gives precedence to the relationship of “spiritual” market among the four fundamental social relationships mentioned above: on the one hand, the Republic recognizes and guarantees the inviolable rights of man, both as an individual and in the social groups where his/her personality is expressed, and on the other hand, it requires precisely the fulfillment of the mandatory duties of political, economic and social solidarity. However, the neurosciences themselves confirm the “realistic validity” of the formulation introduced by the Constitution Chart: it is only that they transform this formulation from a concept belonging to the deontic logic to an empirical observation belonging to those sciences that were once named exact or natural. See Lynch and Laursen (2009).

  8. 8.

    Morse et al. (2009).

  9. 9.

    Cozolino (2010).

  10. 10.

    Sartori (1997), Fassò (1966), Faralli (2005), and Farisco (2012). Kandel (2012) and Fedlman (2009).

  11. 11.

    Falzea (1997) and Fedlman (2009).

  12. 12.

    Heidegger (1927), Coleman (1996), Dawkins (2006), and Dennett (2006).

  13. 13.

    Wittgestein (1979) and Churchland (1989, 2002).

  14. 14.

    Falzea (1997) and Graham and Cowley (2015).

  15. 15.

    Vacchelli (1895).

  16. 16.

    The Article 2 of the Italian Constitution formulates this concept excellently saying that “The Republic recognizes and guarantees the inviolable rights of man, both as a single and in the social groups where human personality develops; the Republic requires the fullfilment of the binding duties involving political, economic and social solidarity”.

  17. 17.

    Gadamer (2000).

  18. 18.

    Damasio (1994).

  19. 19.

    Gallese et al. (2002a, b) and Bechtel (2008).

  20. 20.

    Rizzolatti (2008), Gazzaniga (2005, 2009), and Gazzaniga et al. (2006).

  21. 21.

    Falzea (1999).

  22. 22.

    Hart (1958, 1961, 1994).

  23. 23.

    Ross (1958).

  24. 24.

    Schmitt and Forstoff (2007).

  25. 25.

    Alexy (1989).

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  1. Law Department, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy

    Eugenio Picozza

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    Eugenio Picozza

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Picozza, E. (2016). Problems About Enforcement. In: Picozza, E. (eds) Neurolaw. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41441-6_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41441-6_4

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