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Repair and Regeneration of Temporomandibular Joint: The Future of Stem Cell-Based Therapies

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Bone and Cartilage Regeneration

Part of the book series: Stem Cells in Clinical Applications ((SCCA))

Abstract

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a collective term embracing a number of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular conditions involving the temporomandibular joints (TMJ), masticatory muscles and/or associated structures. It is the main cause of non-dental pain in the orofacial region. In addition to pain, other signs and symptoms of TMDs include ear complaints, jaw joint sounds, jaw function difficulties, limited or abnormal jaw movements as well as catching/locking of the jaws. Due to their diverse signs and symptoms, TMDs are frequently under and misdiagnosed in everyday medical and dental practice. Population studies show that approximately 75 % of people have signs, while 33 % have symptoms of TMDs. As such, most doctors and dentists will encounter patients with TMDs in a routine work week. TMDs can be classified into TMJ disorders, masticatory muscle disorders, headache disorders and associated structures. TMJ disorders are subclassified into joint pain, joint disorders including disc-condyle complex conditions, joint diseases, fractures and congenital/developmental disorders. This chapter aims to introduce the contemporary concepts of TMDs, their epidemiology, signs/symptoms and aetiology. The classification of TMDs is discussed with special emphasis on joint disorders, joint diseases and congenital/development disorders involving the TMJ disc, cartilage and bone, and their current treatment methods and clinical management. Stem cell-based therapies and therapeutics carries the significant potential for the repair and regeneration of complex craniofacial tissues including TMJ. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been isolated from several tissues, including the bone marrow, teeth and synovium of TMJ, and have been reported to play an important role in repair and regeneration of several dental and craniofacial tissues including TMJ condylar cartilage and disc. Pluripotent stem cells including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are discussed as alternative promising cell sources for tissue engineering of TMJ condylar cartilage and disc. Finally, some of the recent preclinical and clinical studies will be discussed to support the prospects of stem cell-based therapies as the emerging therapies for TMJ repair and regeneration.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grants from the National University Healthcare System, National University of Singapore (R221000067133, R221000070733, R221000077733 and R221000083112) and National Medical Research Council Singapore (R221000080511).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, 11 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119083, Singapore

    Adrian U. Jin Yap & Wei Seong Toh

  2. School of Science and Technology, SIM University, Singapore, Singapore

    Adrian U. Jin Yap

  3. Department of Dentistry, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Jurong Medical Centre, Jurong Health Services, 1 Jurong East Street 21, Singapore, 609606, Singapore

    Adrian U. Jin Yap

  4. Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Wei Seong Toh

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  1. Adrian U. Jin Yap
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  2. Wei Seong Toh
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Correspondence to Adrian U. Jin Yap or Wei Seong Toh .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Application, University of Science Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

    Phuc Van Pham

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Yap, A.U.J., Toh, W.S. (2016). Repair and Regeneration of Temporomandibular Joint: The Future of Stem Cell-Based Therapies. In: Pham, P. (eds) Bone and Cartilage Regeneration. Stem Cells in Clinical Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40144-7_3

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