Abstract
The previous two chapters presented the physics and associated equations for underwater sound transduction. The present chapter begins to fill in the background with detailed discussions of the models and methods used in transducer analysis and design [1–6]. The following chapters will continue with further discussion of important transducer characteristics followed by a description of projectors and hydrophones along with implementation in arrays. This will then be followed by measurement methods for the evaluation of transducers and calculation of acoustic radiation from transducers.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
D.A. Berlincourt, D.R. Curran, H. Jaffe, Ch. 3, Piezoelectric and Piezomagnetic Materials, in Physical Acoustics, ed. by W.P. Mason, vol. I (Part A) (Academic, New York, 1964)
R.S. Woollett, Sonar Transducer Fundamentals. (Naval Underwater Systems Center, Newport, RI, Undated)
F.V. Hunt, Electroacoustics (Harvard University Press, New York, 1954)
O.B. Wilson, Introduction to Theory and Design of Sonar Transducers (Peninsula, Los Altos Hills, CA, 1988)
D. Stansfield, Underwater Electroacoustic Transducers. (Bath University Press, Bath, UK, 1990). See also G.W. Benthien, S.L. Hobbs, Modeling of Sonar Transducers and Arrays. Tech Doc. 3181, April, 2004, available on CD, Spawar Systems Center, San Diego, CA
A. Ballato, Modeling piezoelectric and piezomagnetic devices and structures via equivalent networks. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 48, 1189–1240 (2001)
B. Aronov, The energy method for analyzing the piezoelectric electroacoustic transducers. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117, 210–220 (2005)
K.S. Van Dyke, The piezoelectric resonator and its equivalent network. Proc. IRE 16, 742–764 (1928)
A.E. Clark, H.S. Belson, Giant room temperature magnetostriction in TbFe2 and DyFe2. Phys. Rev. B5, 3642 (1972)
A.E. Clark, Magnetostrictive Rare Earth-Fe2 Compounds, in Ferromagnetic Materials, ed. by E.R. Wohlforth, vol. 1 (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1980), pp. 531–589
A.E. Clark, J.B. Restorff, M. Wun-Fogle, T.A. Lograsso, D.L. Schlagel, Magnetostrictive properties of b.c.c. Fe-Ga and Fe-Ga-Al alloys. IEEE Trans. Mag. 36, 3238 (2000). See also, A.E. Clark, K.B. Hathaway, M. Wun-Fogle, J.B. Restorff, V.M. Keppens, G. Petculescu, R.A. Taylor, Extraordinary magnetoelasticity and lattice softening in b.c.c. Fe-Ga alloys. J. Appl. Phys. 93, 8621 (2003)
S. Butterworth, F.D. Smith, Equivalent circuit of a magnetostrictive oscillator. Proc. Phys. Soc. 43, 166–185 (1931)
Design and Construction of Magnetostrictive Transducers. Summary Technical Report of Division 6, vol 13 (National Defense Research Committee, 1946)
L. Camp, Underwater Acoustics (Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1970)
E.L. Richardson, Technical Aspects of Sound II, Ch. 2 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1957)
B.D.H. Tellegen, The gyrator, a new network element. Phillips Res. Rep. 3, 81–101 (1948)
R.M. Bozorth, Ferromagnetism (D. Van Norstrand, New York, 1951)
J.L. Butler, N.L. Lizza, Eddy current factor series for magnetostrictive rods. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 82, 378 (1987)
W. Weaver, S.P. Timoshenko, D.H. Young, Vibration Problems in Engineering (Wiley, New York, 1990)
J.L. Butler, Underwater Sound Transducers. (Image Acoustics, Cohasset, MA, Course Notes, 1982), pp. 217 and 231
TAC Program User’s Manual, General Electric, Syracuse, NY (1972). Developed for NUWC, Newport, RI
E. Geddes, Audio Transducers. (Geddes Associates LLC, 2002)
TRN Computer Program (NUWC, Newport, RI 02841). Developed by M. Simon and K. Farnham with array analysis module by Image Acoustics, Inc., Cohasset, MA. The computer programs TRN and TAC are based on the program SEADUCER, see H. Ding, L. McCleary, J. Ward, Computerized Sonar Transducer Analysis and Design Based on Multiport Network Incterconnection Techniques. TP-228. (Transducer and Array Systems Division, Naval Undersea Research and Development Center, San Diego, CA, 1971)
R. Krimholtz, D.A. Leedom, G.L. Matthaei (KLM Transducer Model), New equivalent circuit for elementary piezoelectric transducers. Electron. Lett., 6(13), 398 (1970)
TAP Transducer Analysis Program. (Image Acoustics, Cohasset, MA)
W.P. Mason, Electro-Mechanical Transducers and Wave Filters (D. Van Nostrand, New York, 1942), p. 205
G.E. Martin, On the theory of segmented electromechanical systems. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 36, 1366–1370 (1964)
W.B. Bickford, A First Course in the Finite Element Method (Irwin, Boston, MA, 1990)
O.C. Zienkiewicz, The Finite Element Method (McGraw-Hill Book Company, Maidenhead, 1986)
K.J. Bathe, Finite Element Procedures in Engineering Analysis (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1982)
ANSYS, Inc., Canonsburg, PA
ATILA, MMech, State College, PA (Also models magnetostriction)
COMSOL, Burlington, MA (Magnetostrictive can be added)
K.D. Rolt, J.L. Butler, Finite Element Modulus Substitution Method for Sonar Transducer Effective Coupling Coefficient, ed. by M.D. McCollum, B.F. Harmonic, O.B. Wilson. Transducers for Sonics and Ultrasonics (Technomic Publishing, PA, 1992). See also J.L. Butler, M.B. Moffett, K.D. Rolt, A finite element method for estimating the effective coupling coefficient of magnetostrictive transducers. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 95, 2533–2535 (1994)
J.L. Butler, A.L. Butler, Analysis of the MPT/Hybrid Transducer. March 11, 2002, Image Acoustics, Inc., NUWC Contract N66604-00-M-7216
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Butler, J.L., Sherman, C.H. (2016). Transducer Models. In: Transducers and Arrays for Underwater Sound. Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39044-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39044-4_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-39042-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-39044-4
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)