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Nonlinear Magneto-Optical Rotation Magnetometers

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High Sensitivity Magnetometers

Part of the book series: Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation ((SSMI,volume 19))

Abstract

Nonlinear magneto-optical rotation (NMOR) is the nonlinear contribution to the overall magneto-optical rotation (Faraday) signal. It yields signals that are dependent on the light and magnetic-field intensities. The later dependence enables precision magnetometry of very weak fields (relaxation-rate limited). The effect may also be investigated with the modulated light (frequency and/or amplitude modulation) to allow accurate measurements of non-zero magnetic fields. The main advantages of the NMOR magnetometry are: technical simplicity, high accuracy and wide dynamic range.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Using unmodulated light.

  2. 2.

    We label the states as \( \left| {J,m_{J}} \right. \)〉.

  3. 3.

    In general, the evolution frequency \( \omega_{coh} \) is given by \( \omega_{coh} = {\Delta}m\omega_{L} \).

  4. 4.

    Neglecting optical pumping of atoms by the probe light, the NMOR-signal amplitude scales linearly with the number of probe-light photons (the signal is \( S = I_{pr} \sin^{2} \varphi \)), while the noise/uncertainty is proportional \( \sqrt {I_{pr} } \).

  5. 5.

    It is typically assumed that the background field is produced by distant sources, so that change of the magnetic field between two magnetometers is negligible.

  6. 6.

    The magnetic-field inhomogeneity causes broadening of the observed NMOR resonance and hence deterioration of the magnetometric sensitivity of the device.

  7. 7.

    While, in general, intensity of light can be modulated by varying the diode-laser current, such modulation requires changing the current in a broad range. The current modulation would also introduce frequency modulation of light in a range strongly exceeding the width of optical transition light operates at. This disables the possibility of decoupling of one modulation type from the other but also complicates the stabilization of (mean) wavelength of light, introducing instabilities of the recorded NMOR signals.

  8. 8.

    If \( \varphi_{0} = 0 \), than \( S \propto I_{1} = I_{0} \sin^{2} \varphi (t) \). Thus, the signals for rotations in opposite directions are indistinguishable and the modulation of light polarization at \( 2\omega_{L} \) observed in the high-field NMOR results in the signal modulation at \( 4\omega_{L} \).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics of the Jagiellonian University, ul. Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland

    Wojciech Gawlik & Szymon Pustelny

Authors
  1. Wojciech Gawlik
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  2. Szymon Pustelny
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Correspondence to Wojciech Gawlik .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva, Israel

    Asaf Grosz

  2. Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA

    Michael J. Haji-Sheikh

  3. Massey University (Manawatu), Palmerston North, New Zealand

    Subhas C. Mukhopadhyay

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Gawlik, W., Pustelny, S. (2017). Nonlinear Magneto-Optical Rotation Magnetometers. In: Grosz, A., Haji-Sheikh, M., Mukhopadhyay, S. (eds) High Sensitivity Magnetometers. Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation, vol 19. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34070-8_14

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