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Pharmaceuticals and Groundwater Resources

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Emerging Issues in Groundwater Resources

Part of the book series: Advances in Water Security ((AWS))

Abstract

Due to advances in analytical techniques and increasing concerns related to the potential impact on aquatic and terrestrial organisms, the reported occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in groundwater has significantly increased during the past two decades. This chapter provides an overview of the detection of pharmaceutical, life-style, and endocrine disruptor compounds in groundwater from five geographical areas (Africa, Asia, Central and South America, Europe, and North America). The occurrence of these compounds has been linked to the four major sources of contamination: agricultural practices/wastes, landfill, septic tanks, and wastewater. The concentration of the detected compounds ranged between ng/L and μg/L. Pharmaceutical compounds, in particular antibiotic and analgesic/anti-inflammatory, represent the most common group detected in groundwater, regardless of the geographic location. Carbamazepine (anticonvulsant), sulfamethoxazole (antibiotic), and caffeine (life-style) represent the three most common compounds detected in groundwater. The occurrence of the detected compounds in groundwater is primarily related to wastewater and/or agricultural practices/wastes. None of the detected compounds has been linked to all four major sources of contamination. However, five compounds (ibuprofen, paracetamol, triclosan, caffeine and cotinine) have been linked to three sources of contamination such as wastewater, landfill, and septic tanks.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nebraska Water Center, Nebraska Innovation Campus, 2021 Transformation Drive, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588-6204, USA

    Matteo D’Alessio & Chittaranjan Ray

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  1. Matteo D’Alessio
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  2. Chittaranjan Ray
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Correspondence to Matteo D’Alessio .

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  1. Prairie View A&M University, College of Agriculture and Human Sciences, Prairie View, Texas, USA

    Ali Fares

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D’Alessio, M., Ray, C. (2016). Pharmaceuticals and Groundwater Resources. In: Fares, A. (eds) Emerging Issues in Groundwater Resources. Advances in Water Security. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32008-3_5

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