Abstract
In order to determine the required visual frame rate (FR) for minimizing prediction errors with out-the-window video displays at remote/virtual airport towers, 13 active air-traffic controllers viewed high dynamic fidelity simulations of landing aircraft and decided whether aircraft would stop as if to be able to make a turnoff or whether a runway excursion would be expected. The viewing conditions and simulation dynamics replicated visual rates and environments of transport aircraft landing at small commercial airports. The required frame rate was estimated using Bayes inference on prediction errors by linear FR-extrapolation of event probabilities conditional on predictions (stop, no-stop). Furthermore, estimates were obtained from exponential model fits to the parametric and nonparametric perceptual discriminabilities d′ and A (average area under ROC curves) as dependent on FR. Decision errors are biased towards preference of overshoot and appear due to illusionary increase in speed at low frame rates. Both Bayes and A-extrapolations yield a frame rate requirement of 35 < FRmin < 40 Hz. When comparing with published results [Claypool and Claypool (Multimedia Syst 13:3–17, 2007)] on shooter game scores, the model-based d′(FR)-extrapolation exhibits the best agreement and indicates even higher FRmin > 40 Hz for minimizing decision errors. Definitive recommendations require further experiments with FR > 30 Hz.
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Notes
- 1.
Eye movements will not be discussed in this chapter. For analysis of eye movements, see chapter “Assessing Operational Validity of Remote Tower Control in High-fidelity Simulation” and references therein.
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Acknowledgments
Our special thanks are due to Monika Mittendorf for excellent support in data preparation and evaluation. Furthermore, we wish to thank DLR personnel Frank Morlang, Markus Schmidt, and Tristan Schindler for technical assistance in the operation of the DLR Apron-and Tower simulator (ATS) and the preparation of video files. Anne Papenfuss and Christoph Möhlenbrink organized the framework for this experiment that was part of a larger human-in-the loop RTO-simulation trial, and we are indebted to them for valuable assistance in the conduct of the experiment.
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Fürstenau, N., Ellis, S.R. (2016). Videopanorama Frame Rate Requirements Derived from Visual Discrimination of Deceleration During Simulated Aircraft Landing. In: Fürstenau, N. (eds) Virtual and Remote Control Tower. Research Topics in Aerospace. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28719-5_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28719-5_6
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