Abstract
New radical changes in DSM have made this system markedly different from ICD and many normed scales. These changes have implications for assessment going forward. This chapter lays out the current situation as it applies to differential diagnosis. The implications of new changes in diagnostic criteria will be discussed in the context of the assessment process.
Notes
- 1.
The WHO published a set of clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines (1992) and a set of diagnostic criteria for research (1993). The diagnostic criteria for research were derived from the clinical guidelines and were intentionally more restrictive, to allow the identification of groups of individuals with relatively homogeneous symptom profiles. Due to the restrictive nature of the criteria, in clinical practice they were intended to be used alongside the more descriptive clinical guidelines to allow the identification of more atypical, yet still clinically significant cases. The significance of clinical judgement will be considered in the discussion section of this chapter.
- 2.
DSM-IV-TR referred to Asperger’s disorder, while in ICD-10 the term Asperger’s syndrome is used. In this chapter, the term Asperger syndrome will be used to refer to both.
- 3.
For discussion of the overlap between SCD and more traditionally defined pragmatic language impairments, see Norbury (2014) Practitioner Review: social (pragmatic) communication disorder conceptualization, evidence, and clinical implications. Journal of child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(3), 204–216.
References
Allison, C., Auyeung, B., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2012). Toward brief “Red Flags” for autism screening: The short autism spectrum quotient and the short quantitative checklist for autism in toddlers in 1,000 cases and 3,000 controls [corrected]. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(2), 202–212.e207.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Text Revision (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
Baron-Cohen, S., Allen, J., & Gillberg, C. (1992). Can autism be detected at 18 months? The needle, the haystack, and the CHAT. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 839–843.
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001). The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(1), 5–17.
Barton, M. L., Robins, D. L., Jashar, D., Brennan, L., & Fein, D. (2013). Sensitivity and specificity of proposed DSM-5 criteria for autism spectrum disorder in toddlers. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(5), 1184–1195.
Bishop, D. V., & Norbury, C. F. (2002). Exploring the borderlands of autistic disorder and specific language impairment: A study using standardised diagnostic instruments. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(7), 917–929.
Carrington, S., Leekam, S., Kent, R., Maljaars, J., Gould, J., Wing, L., … Noens, I. (2015). Signposting for diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder using the diagnostic interview for social and communication disorders (DISCO). Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 9, 45–52.
Casey, B. J., Oliveri, M. E., & Insel, T. (2014). A neurodevelopmental perspective on the research domain criteria (RDoC) framework. Biological Psychiatry, 76(5), 350–353.
Constantino, J. N. (2002). The social responsiveness scale. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Constantino, J. N., Davis, S. A., Todd, R. D., Schindler, M. K., Gross, M. M., Brophy, S. L., … Reich, W. (2003). Validation of a brief quantitative measure of autistic traits: Comparison of the social responsiveness scale with the autism diagnostic interview-revised. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33(4), 427–433.
Frazier, T. W., Youngstrom, E. A., Speer, L., Embacher, R., Law, P., Constantino, J., … Eng, C. (2012). Validation of proposed DSM-5 criteria for autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(1), 28–40.e23.
Gibbs, V., Aldridge, F., Chandler, F., Witzlsperger, E., & Smith, K. (2012). Brief report: An exploratory study comparing diagnostic outcomes for autism spectrum disorders under DSM-IV-TR with the proposed DSM-5 revision. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(8), 1750–1756.
Gillberg, C. (2010). The ESSENCE in child psychiatry: Early symptomatic syndromes eliciting neurodevelopmental clinical examinations. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(6), 1543–1551.
Gillberg, C., & Fernell, E. (2014). Autism plus versus autism pure. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(12), 3274–3276.
Guthrie, W., Swineford, L. B., Wetherby, A. M., & Lord, C. (2013). Comparison of DSM-IV and DSM-5 factor structure models for toddlers with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(8), 797–805.e792.
Harstad, E. B., Fogler, J., Sideridis, G., Weas, S., Mauras, C., & Barbaresi, W. J. (2015). Comparing diagnostic outcomes of autism spectrum disorder using DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 criteria. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 1437. doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2306-4.
Howlin, P. (2003). Outcome in high-functioning adults with autism with and without early language delays: Implications for the differentiation between autism and Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33(1), 3–13.
Huerta, M., Bishop, S. L., Duncan, A., Hus, V., & Lord, C. (2012). Application of DSM-5 criteria for autism spectrum disorder to three samples of children with DSM-IV diagnoses of pervasive developmental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(10), 1056–1064.
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., … Wang, P. (2010). Research domain criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(7), 748–751.
Kamp-Becker, I., Smidt, J., Ghahreman, M., Heinzel-Gutenbrunner, M., Becker, K., & Remschmidt, H. (2010). Categorical and dimensional structure of autism spectrum disorders: The nosologic validity of Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(8), 921–929.
Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. The Nervous Child, 2, 33.
Kent, R. G., Carrington, S. J., Le Couteur, A., Gould, J., Wing, L., Maljaars, J., … Leekam, S. R. (2013). Diagnosing autism spectrum disorder: Who will get a DSM-5 diagnosis? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(11), 1242–1250.
Kulage, K. M., Smaldone, A. M., & Cohn, E. G. (2014). How will DSM-5 affect autism diagnosis? A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(8), 1918–1932.
Leekam, S. R., Libby, S. J., Wing, L., Gould, J., & Taylor, C. (2002). The diagnostic interview for social and communication disorders: Algorithms for ICD-10 childhood autism and Wing and Gould autistic spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(3), 327–342.
Lord, C., Petkova, E., Hus, V., Gan, W. J., Lu, F. H., Martin, D. M., … Risi, S. (2012). A multisite study of the clinical diagnosis of different autism spectrum disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(3), 306–313.
Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Jr., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., … Rutter, M. (2000). The autism diagnostic observation schedule-generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(3), 205–223.
Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994). Autism diagnostic interview-revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24(5), 659–685.
Macintosh, K. E., & Dissanayake, C. (2004). Annotation: The similarities and differences between autistic disorder and Asperger’s disorder: A review of the empirical evidence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(3), 421–434.
Mandy, W., Charman, T., Gilmour, J., & Skuse, D. (2011). Toward specifying pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified. Autism Research, 4(2), 121–131.
Mandy, W., Charman, T., Puura, K., & Skuse, D. (2014). Investigating the cross-cultural validity of DSM-5 autism spectrum disorder: Evidence from Finnish and UK samples. Autism, 18(1), 45–54.
Mandy, W., Charman, T., & Skuse, D. H. (2012). Testing the construct validity of proposed criteria for DSM-5 autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(1), 41–50.
Matson, J. L., Belva, B. C., Horovitz, M., Kozlowski, A. M., & Bamburg, J. W. (2012). Comparing symptoms of autism spectrum disorders in a developmentally disabled adult population using the current DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria and the proposed DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 24(4), 403–414.
Matson, J. L., Hattier, M. A., & Williams, L. W. (2012). How does relaxing the algorithm for autism affect DSM-V prevalence rates? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(8), 1549–1556.
Matson, J. L., Kozlowski, A. M., Hattier, M. A., Horovitz, M., & Sipes, M. (2012). DSM-IV vs DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for toddlers with autism. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 15(3), 185–190.
Mattila, M. L., Kielinen, M., Linna, S. L., Jussila, K., Ebeling, H., Bloigu, R., … Moilanen, I. (2011). Autism spectrum disorders according to DSM-IV-TR and comparison with DSM-5 draft criteria: An epidemiological study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(6), 583–592.e511.
Mayes, S. D., Black, A., & Tierney, C. D. (2013). DSM-5 under-identifies PDDNOS: Diagnostic agreement between the DSM-5, DSM-IV, and checklist for autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(2), 298–306.
Mazefsky, C. A., McPartland, J. C., Gastgeb, H. Z., & Minshew, N. J. (2013). Brief report: Comparability of DSM-IV and DSM-5 ASD research samples. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(5), 1236–1242.
McPartland, J. C., Reichow, B., & Volkmar, F. R. (2012). Sensitivity and specificity of proposed DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(4), 368–383.
Norbury, C. F. (2014). Practitioner review: Social (pragmatic) communication disorder conceptualization, evidence and clinical implications. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(3), 204–216.
Prior, M., Eisenmajer, R., Leekam, S., Wing, L., Gould, J., Ong, B., & Dowe, D. (1998). Are there subgroups within the autistic spectrum? A cluster analysis of a group of children with autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 39(6), 893–902.
Regier, D. A., Narrow, W. E., Clarke, D. E., Kraemer, H. C., Kuramoto, S. J., Kuhl, E. A., & Kupfer, D. J. (2013). DSM-5 field trials in the United States and Canada, Part II: Test-retest reliability of selected categorical diagnoses. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(1), 59–70.
Ring, H., Woodbury-Smith, M., Watson, P., Wheelwright, S., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2008). Clinical heterogeneity among people with high functioning autism spectrum conditions: Evidence favouring a continuous severity gradient. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 4, 11.
Ritvo, R. A., Ritvo, E. R., Guthrie, D., Ritvo, M. J., Hufnagel, D. H., McMahon, W., … Eloff, J. (2011). The Ritvo autism Asperger diagnostic scale-revised (RAADS-R): A scale to assist the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in adults: An international validation study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(8), 1076–1089.
Robins, D. L., Fein, D., Barton, M. L., & Green, J. A. (2001). The modified checklist for autism in toddlers: An initial study investigating the early detection of autism and pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(2), 131–144.
Rutter, M., Bailey, A. J., & Lord, C. (2003). The social communication questionnaire. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Sanders, J. L. (2009). Qualitative or quantitative differences between Asperger’s disorder and autism? Historical considerations. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(11), 1560–1567.
Skuse, D., Warrington, R., Bishop, D., Chowdhury, U., Lau, J., Mandy, W., & Place, M. (2004). The developmental, dimensional and diagnostic interview (3di): A novel computerized assessment for autism spectrum disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(5), 548–558.
Swedo, S. E., Baird, G., Cook, E. H., Jr., Happe, F. G., Harris, J. C., Kaufmann, W. E., … Wright, H. H. (2012). Commentary from the DSM-5 Workgroup on Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(4), 347–349.
Swineford, L. B., Thurm, A., Baird, G., Wetherby, A. M., & Swedo, S. (2014). Social (pragmatic) communication disorder: A research review of this new DSM-5 diagnostic category. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 6(1), 41.
Swinkels, S. H., Dietz, C., van Daalen, E., Kerkhof, I. H., van Engeland, H., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2006). Screening for autistic spectrum in children aged 14 to 15 months. I: The development of the Early Screening of Autistic Traits Questionnaire (ESAT). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(6), 723–732.
Taheri, A., & Perry, A. (2012). Exploring the proposed DSM-5 criteria in a clinical sample. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(9), 1810–1817.
Tsai, L. Y., & Ghaziuddin, M. (2014). DSM-5 ASD moves forward into the past. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(2), 321–330.
Vivanti, G., Hudry, K., Trembath, D., Barbaro, J., Richdale, A., & Dissanayake, C. (2013). Towards the DSM-5 criteria for autism: Clinical, cultural, and research implications. Australian Psychologist, 48(4), 258–261.
Wilson, C. E., Gillan, N., Spain, D., Robertson, D., Roberts, G., Murphy, C. M., … Murphy, D. G. M. (2013). Comparison of ICD-10R, DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 in an Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnostic Clinic. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(11), 2515–2525.
Wing, L. (1981). Asperger’s syndrome - A clinical account. Psychological Medicine, 11(1), 115–129.
Wing, L., & Gould, J. (1979). Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: Epidemiology and classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9(1), 11–29.
Wing, L., Gould, J., & Gillberg, C. (2011). Autism spectrum disorders in the DSM-V: Better or worse than the DSM-IV? Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(2), 768–773.
Wing, L., Leekam, S. R., Libby, S. J., Gould, J., & Larcombe, M. (2002). The diagnostic interview for social and communication disorders: Background, inter-rater reliability and clinical use. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(3), 307–325.
World-Health-Organisation. (1979). Manual of the international classification of diseases (ICD-9). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
World-Health-Organization. (1992). ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Albany, NY: World Health Organization.
World-Health-Organization. (1993). ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Diagnostic criteria for research. Albany, NY: World Health Organization.
Worley, J. A., & Matson, J. L. (2012). Comparing symptoms of autism spectrum disorders using the current DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria and the proposed DSM-V diagnostic criteria. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(2), 965–970.
Young, R. L., & Rodi, M. L. (2013). Redefining autism spectrum disorder using DSM-5: The implications of the proposed DSM-5 criteria for autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(4), 758–765.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Carrington, S.J. (2016). Implications of ICD and DSM on Screening, Diagnosis, and Monitoring. In: Matson, J.L. (eds) Handbook of Assessment and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism and Child Psychopathology Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27171-2_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27171-2_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-27169-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-27171-2
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)