Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Simulation and the Eye

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Simulation in Healthcare Education

  • 1763 Accesses

Abstract

Models of eyes were used as votives by the Greeks and Romans when they sought divine intervention for relief from disorders affecting sight [1]. The models used for these early offerings often depicted the diseased eye of the sufferer but later Christian votives were models of a healthy eye [2]. Earthly treatment of eye conditions was offered by oculists, early specialists in disorders of the eye specialists who travelled from town to town in search of business and often used astrology in determining the best course of treatment. Development of effective treatments for eye disorders and correction of refractive errors required an understanding of the structure and the function of the eye.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Very early in the seventeenth century Kepler used his astronomical knowledge to write Somnium (The Dream) in which he described what astronomy would be like from a location other than Earth. In this first science fiction text on space travel the mother of the narrator sought help from a demon to make a trip to the moon. Kepler’s mother was subsequently accused of witchcraft.

  2. 2.

    During the Renaissance it became fashionable for educated and wealthy individuals to collect items to further their education, demonstrate their level of achievement or show off their wealth. Many of these “Cabinets” or “Wunderkammer” later became core collections of civic museums.

  3. 3.

    John Desaguliers was a friend of William Smellie and is thought to have helped Smellie make obstetric simulators.

  4. 4.

    Kühne also invented optography, a technique to visualize the image on the retina at death. It was hoped this process could be used forensically and to identify murderers from an image persisting on the retina of their victim’s eyes.

  5. 5.

    Henry L De Zeng patented around 40 inventions over 25 years including the phoro-optometer, now called the phoropter, used by optometrists to determine refractive error for prescription lenses.

  6. 6.

    The university is named after its founder King George II of Great Britain who was also Elector of Hannover.

  7. 7.

    Taylor was not a very good oculist and is thought to have blinded hundreds of patients, including Handel, and to have contributed to the death of Bach.

References

  1. Danz Sr W. Ancient and contemporary history of artificial eyes. Adv Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 1990;8:1–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Dugac Z. Eye votives from Croatian shrines. Doc Ophthalmol. 2001;102(1):11–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Unal N, Elcioglu O. Anatomy of the eye from the view of Ibn Al-Haitham (965-1039). The founder of modern optics. Saudi Med J. 2009;30(3):323–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Kepler J. Ad Vitellionem Paralipomena, quibus Astronomiae Pars Optica; 1604.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Platter F. De corporis humani structura et usu; 1583.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bartisch G. Ophthalmodouleia, das ist Augendienst; 1583.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Blanchard D. Superstitions of George Bartisch. Surv Ophthalmol. 2005;50(5):490–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Gautier D’Agoty, Duverney J. Essai d’Anatomie en Tableaux imprimes, qui represent au naturel tous les muscles de la face, du col, de la tete, de la langue & du larynx. Paris: Chez le sieur Gautier; 1745.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Meli DB. Machines and the body between anatomy and pathology; 2013. p. 53–68.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Verle G. Anatomia artifiziale dell’ochio umano, inventata, e fabbricata nuovamente de Gio: Battista Verle Veneziano. E dedicata al serenissimo Ferdinando Principe di Toscana; 1679.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ruete C. Das Ophthalmotrop; 1846.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Ruete C. Ein Neues Ophthalmotrop: zur Erlauterung der Functionen der Muskeln und Brechenden Medien des Menschlichen Auges; 1857.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Simonsz HJ, Tonkelaar ID. 19th Century mechanical models of eye movements, Donders’ law, Listing’s law and Helmholtz’ direction circles. Doc Ophthalmol. 1990;74:95–112.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Howe L. The muscles of the eye. New York: Knickerbocker; 1907.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  15. Robertson A. Landolt—Demonstration of Ophtalmotrope. Ophthalmic Rev. 1893;12(145):346.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Pergens E. Zur Geschichte der Anatomischen Augenmodelle und der Schematischen Augen zu Optischen Berechnungen. Ophthalmology Pamphlets. 1909;76(14):435–56.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Descartes R. La Dioptrique; 1637.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Heitz R. Descartes; contact tube: a contribution to contact lens history. Basic and clinical applications of vision science. Dordrecht: Springer; 1997. p. 309–12.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ilardi V. Renaissance vision from spectacles to telescopes. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Scheiner C. Oculus; hoc est, fundamentum opticum; in quo … radius visualis eruitur; sua visioni in oculo sedes decernitur; anguli visiorii ingenium aperitur, etc. Oeniponti; 1619.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Daxecker F. Further studies by Christoph Scheiner concerning the optics of the eye. Documenta Ophtalmologica. 1994;86:153–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Daxecker F. Christoph Scheiner’s main work “ Rosa Ursina sive Sol”. Acta Universitatis Carolinae Mathematica et Physica. 2005;46(Suppl):127–40.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Scheiner C. Rosa Ursina sive Solis; 1630.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Dechales, CFM. Cursus seu mundus mathematicus; 1674.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Zahn J. Oculus Artificialis Teledioptricus Sive Telescopium; 1702.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Southall J. Huygens’ Dioptrica. Bull Am Maths Soc. 1922. p. 211–4.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Smith R. A compleat system of optiks, in four books, viz. A popular, a Mathematical, a Mechanical, and a Philosophical Treatise; 1738.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Le Cat C. A physical essay on the senses, translated from the French of M. Le Cat; 1750.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Fletcher J. On the unity of the organic structure of animals. Rudiments of physiology in three parts; 1835. p. 36–83.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Polinière P. Expériences de Physique; 1709.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Hertel C. Vollständige Anweisung zum Glas-Schleifen; 1716.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Chambers E. Cyclopaedia: or, an universal dictionary of arts and sciences; 1728.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Savérien A. Dictionnaire universel de mathématique et de physique: où l’on traite de l’origine, du progrès de ces deux Sciences; 1753.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Dictionnaire des sciences, des arts et des métiers, et dans son supplément 1780. Table analytique et raisonnee des metiers contenues dans les XXXIII volumes.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Thysbaert J. Elementa opticae et perspectivae. Lovanii: Typographia Academica; 1775.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Fahrenheit DG, Leibniz GW, Boerhaave H, Star Pvd. Fahrenheit’s letters to Leibniz and Boerhaave. Leiden: Museum Boerhaave, Rodopi; 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Zuidervaart HJ. Reflecting ‘Popular culture’: the introduction, diffusion, and construction of the reflecting telescope in The Netherlands. Ann Sci. 2004;61(4):407–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Camper P. Dissertatio optica de visu quam faventi deo ter optimo maximo. Lugduni Batavorum [Leyden]: Typis Eliae Luzac; 1746.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Van Heiningen T. Wouter Van Doeveren and Petrus Camper in Paris—Travel Diaries kept in the years 1752-1753, 1777 & 1787 and related correspondence; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Nollet J. Leçons de physique expérimentale. 6th ed. 1777.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Nollet J. Programme ou Idée générale d'un cours de physique expérimentale ,avec un catalogue raisonné des instruments; 1738.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Nollet J. L’art des experiences; ou, Avis aux amateurs de la physique; 1770.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Pyenson L, Gauvin J-F. The art of teaching physics: the eighteenth‐century demonstration apparatus of Jean Antoine Nollet; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Adams G. An essay on vision, briefly explaining the fabric of the eye, and the nature of vision. London: printed for the author, by R. Hindmarsh; 1789.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Millburn J. Benjamin Martin: author, instrument-maker, and ‘Country Showman’. Leyden: Noordhoff International; 1976.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  46. Adams G. Lectures on natural and experimental philosophy, considered in its present state of improvement; 1799.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Millburn J. Adams of Fleet Street: instrument makers to King George III; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Myers J. Model of the human eye. US Patent No. 1042815 patent 1042815, 1912.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Jefferson Medical College. Sixty-fifth annual announcement of the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia: the session of 1889-90. Jefferson Medical College Catalogs. Paper 29, Philadelphia; 1889.

    Google Scholar 

  50. University of Kentucky. Catalogue of the Officers, Studies, and Students of the State College of Kentucky, Lexington. University of Kentucky course catalogs, 1865-1914. p. 94.

    Google Scholar 

  51. South Kensington Museum. Catalogue of the special loan collection of scientific apparatus at the South Kensington Museum. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office; 1877.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Beddard A, Hill L, Edkins J, Macleod J, Pembrey M. Practical physiology. 2nd ed. 1905.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Warner, DJ & James V Queen and Company. The Queen’s Catalogues; 1893. P39.

    Google Scholar 

  54. F.E Becker & Co. Illustrated and descriptive catalogue of physical apparatus; 1924. p. 405.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Keeler R. Perrin’s phantom eye. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92(3):344.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Perrin MC. Traité pratique d’ophthalmoscopie et d’optométrie. Paris: G. Masson; 1872.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Perrin M. Description d’un oeil artificiel destiné à faciliter les études ophthalmoscopiques; 1872.

    Google Scholar 

  58. James W. Queen Company. Priced and illustrated catalogue of optical instruments—made, imported and sold, wholesale and retail: by James W. Queen & co. Philadelphia; 1878.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Frost W. An artificial eye, with some Practical suggestions as to its use; 1885.

    Google Scholar 

  60. De Zeng, HL Schematic Eye. US Patent 971026. 1910.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Thorington J. A skiascopic eye. J Am Med Assoc. 1895;24(1):13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. V. Mueller & Co Chicago. Makers of surgical instruments; 1911.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Loring E. Text-book of ophthalmoscopy; 1886.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Unknown. Special correspondence—Paris—The Metrical System in ophthalmology. Br Med J. 1877;2(865):118.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Landolt E. De l’oeil artificiel et de son application a la therapeutique des anomalies de la refraction et de l’accomodation. Bulletin général de thérapeutique médicale et chirurgicale. 1877;93:484–95.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Landolt E. L’Oeil Artificiel; 1878.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Landolt E. The Artificial Eye, translated by Edgar A Browne; 1879.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Curtis J. The Present State of Ophthalmology: with new modes of treating the diseases of the eye; 1841.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Wood C. The American encyclopedia and dictionary of ophthalmology. In: Wood C, editor. The American encyclopedia and dictionary of opthalmology. Chicago: Cleveland; 1913.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Rush Medical College. The fifty-sixth annual announcement—Rush Medical College in affiliation with the University of Chicago; 1898.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Jefferson Medical College. Seventy sixth annual announcement: session of 1900-1901 for the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia and its Hospital with a Register of Students for 1899-1900; 1900.

    Google Scholar 

  72. McGill University. Annual Calender of McGill College and University for Session 1891-92 with Examination Papers for Session 1890-91; 1891.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Guthrie GJ. Lectures on operative surgery of the eye or, an historical and critical inquiry into the methods recommended for the cure of the cataract; 1830.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Reisinger F. Dissertatio inaug. med. de Exercitationibus chirotechnicis, et de constructione atque usu phantasmatis in ophthalmologia; 1814.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Sachs A. Neues Ophthalmophantom erfunden und beschrieben. Journal der practischen Heilkunde. 1827;58:113–39.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Jüngken J. Die Lehre von den Augenoperationen: Ein Handbuch für angehende Aerzte und Wundärzte; 1829.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Welz A. De ophthalmiphantomate novo; 1832.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Wilde W. Austria: its literary, scientific, and medical institutions; 1843.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Andrieux. Eye Surgery—The Ophthalmophantome. The London Medical Gazette; 27 June 1835;16:463.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Mannequin Pour L’Etude De L’Opthalmologie. Gazette Medicale de Paris—Deuxieme Serie. 1835;3:410.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Andrieux É. Notice sur l’ophthalmophantome du Dr Andrieux. impr. de Ducessois; 1840.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Osiander FB. Beitrage zur Geburtskunde, geschichtlichen und praktischen Inhalts. Neue Zeitschrift fur Geburtskunde. 1845;17:153–67.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Wood CA. A system of ophthalmic operations : being a complete treatise on the operative conduct of ocular diseases and some extraocular conditions causing eye symptoms. Chicago: Cleveland; 1911.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Harman N. Aids to ophthalmology. 6th ed. London: Baillière Tindall & Cox; 1919.

    Google Scholar 

  85. de Faber, J-T. Transactions 29th European Strabismological Association Meeting, Izmir, Turkey, 1–4 June 2004; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Gould G, Pyle W. A compend of the diseases of the eye and refraction including treatment and surgery. 1897. p. 17.

    Google Scholar 

  87. The Student Doctor Network. Schematic eye for retinoscopy. 2014. http://forums.studentdoctor.net/threads/schematic-eye-for-retinoscopy.1052503/.

  88. Donovan L, Brian G, Du Toit R. A device to aid the teaching of retinoscopy in low-resource countries. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92(2):294.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Wündt W. Beschreibung eines künstlichen Augenmuskelsystems zur Untersuchung der Bewegungsgesetze des menschlichen Auges im gesunden und kranken Zustande. Archiv für Ophthalmolgie. 1862;8(2):88–114.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Unknown. Sciences—Mathématiques—Optique, Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers. Paris; 1767.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Truax C. Price list of physicians’ supplies. 6th ed. Chicago: Chas. Truax, Greene; 1893.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Veasey C. Ophthalmic operations as practiced on animals’ eyes. Philadelphia: The Edwards & Docker; 1896.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Truax C. The mechanics of surgery. Chicago: C. Truak; 1899.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Flinders University of South Australia School of Medicine, Adelaide, SA, Australia

    Harry Owen MBChB, FANZCA, MD

Authors
  1. Harry Owen MBChB, FANZCA, MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Owen, H. (2016). Simulation and the Eye. In: Simulation in Healthcare Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26577-3_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26577-3_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-26575-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-26577-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation