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Lifestyle Therapy in the Management of Cardiometabolic Risk: Diabetes Prevention, Hypertension, and Dyslipidemia

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Abstract

Insulin resistance is a trait that is expressed early in life and progresses to clinically identifiable states of high cardiometabolic risk, namely prediabetes and metabolic syndrome, and culminates in type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD) events, or both in individual patients. Lifestyle therapy is highly effective in achieving therapeutic goals to manage cardiometabolic risk, which includes preventing T2D, reducing CVD risk, treating hypertension and dyslipidemia, and improving functionality and quality of life. Lifestyle therapy and weight loss are highly effective in achieving these goals in individuals who are overweight or obese. Patient-focused approaches to lifestyle therapy are described that incorporate evidence-based practices involving diet, physical activity, behavioral interventions, and multidisciplinary care, with demonstrated effectiveness for weight loss. Nutritional therapy for the active phase of weight loss (~first year) is accomplished using any one of several healthy meal plans in a reduced calorie format, selected on the basis of personal and cultural preference. During the chronic phase of weight loss maintenance (years–decades) when patients are in energy balance, the rational choice is to emphasize nutrients shown to enhance insulin sensitivity (monounsaturated fatty acids, fiber, and whole grains; represented in Mediterranean diets) and to minimize or avoid foods that promote insulin resistance (saturated fat, trans-fat, and refined grains; represented in the typical ‘Western diet’). In patients who are overweight or obese and have cardiometabolic risks, lifestyle therapy remains the cornerstone of treatment to optimize outcomes, including those patients treated with weight loss medications or bariatric surgery.

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Abbreviations

AACE:

American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists

ACSM:

American College of Sports Medicine

ADA:

American Diabetes Association

AHA:

American Heart Association

BP:

Blood pressure

BMI:

Body Mass Index

CBC:

Complete blood count

CMDS:

Cardiometabolic Disease Staging

CPA:

Certified public accountant

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

DASH:

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet

DGA:

Dietary Guidelines for Americans

ECG:

Electrocardiogram

ER:

Extended release

HCP:

Health-care professionals

HDL-C:

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

IFG:

Impaired fasting glucose

IGT:

Impaired glucose tolerance

IDF:

International Diabetes Federation

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein

LDL-C:

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

MetS:

Metabolic syndrome

PUFAs:

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

RD:

Registered dietitian

VLCD:

Very low-calorie diets

VLDL:

Very low-density lipoprotein particles

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the support of the Diabetes Research Center at the University of Alabama at Birmingham funded by an award from the National Institutes of Health (DK-079626).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, GRECC, Birmingham VA Medical Center, UAB Diabetes Research Center, 35294-3360, Birmingham, AL, USA

    W. Timothy Garvey MD, FACE

  2. Lahey Outpatient Center, 01923, Danvers, MA, USA

    Gillian Arathuzik RD, LDN, CDE

  3. Addison Gilbert Hospital, Gloucester, MA, USA

    Gillian Arathuzik RD, LDN, CDE

  4. Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, 27106, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

    Gary D. Miller PhD

  5. Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

    Jamy Ard MD

  6. Weight Management Center, 27157, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

    Jamy Ard MD

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  1. W. Timothy Garvey MD, FACE
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  2. Gillian Arathuzik RD, LDN, CDE
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  3. Gary D. Miller PhD
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Correspondence to W. Timothy Garvey MD, FACE .

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  1. New York, USA

    Jeffrey I. Mechanick MD

  2. Chicago, USA

    Robert F. Kushner MD

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Garvey, W., Arathuzik, G., Miller, G., Ard, J. (2016). Lifestyle Therapy in the Management of Cardiometabolic Risk: Diabetes Prevention, Hypertension, and Dyslipidemia. In: Mechanick, J., Kushner, R. (eds) Lifestyle Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24687-1_23

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