Abstract
The pioneering work on electron spectroscopy in Uppsala in the 1950s is discussed, focussing primarily on some of the experimental issues. The first experiments were performed using equipment essentially developed for detection of beta radiation. The X-ray sources used to excite the spectra utilized CrKα and CuKα radiation, i.e. today the experiments would be classified as Hard X-ray Photo Electron Spectroscopy (HAXPES).
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Notes
- 1.
Internal conversion (IC) is a nuclear process. An excited nucleus can interact with an inner shell electron and give the excess energy to the latter. This can happen when the orbital of the inner shell electron has a large probability to be at the nucleus, i.e. the process is strong for K-shells. Internal conversion is not a nuclear decay and therefore the resulting nucleus has the same composition of nuclear particles as before the emission of the IC electron. After the IC process the atom has a vacancy in the atomic shell and this vacancy will be filled in an Auger process. IC gives rise to sharp electron lines in the continuous beta spectrum.
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Acknowledgements
SS and NM want to thank the Swedish Research Council (VR) for support. Professor Erik Karlsson at the Department of Physics and Astronomy in Uppsala is acknowledged for giving personal impressions from the time of the discovery of the chemical shift.
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Svensson, S., Sokolowski, E., Mårtensson, N. (2016). The First Development of Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Its Relation to HAXPES. In: Woicik, J. (eds) Hard X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (HAXPES). Springer Series in Surface Sciences, vol 59. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24043-5_2
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