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Implementation Mechanisms for Chinese Labour Law: Institutions, Practices, and Challenges

  • Chapter
Fundamental Labour Rights in China - Legal Implementation and Cultural Logic

Part of the book series: Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice ((IUSGENT,volume 49))

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Abstract

China has already established a mechanism for the implementation of labour law, namely an administrative law enforcement and labour dispute resolution mechanism consisting of labour inspection, mediation, arbitration and litigation. The key element and main objective of this mechanism is to provide an easy, quick and cheap way through which an employee can easily obtain a remedy in a timely manner and disputes between employee and employer can be settled efficiently. In these procedures, the government plays an important role.

For historical and practical reasons, this system has some unique characteristics. Mediation plays a unique role in the resolution of labour disputes. The system of “one arbitration and two trials” basically accords with the nature and demands of the labour dispute resolution mechanism, but debates over it still continue. Labour inspection is an important way of upholding employees’ rights and rectifying the unlawful behaviour of employers, but its scope needs to be narrowed and personnel should be strengthened both in numbers and training. As labour laws and regulations become ever more complex in China, the capacity of the relevant authorities and organizations is becoming increasingly important.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    [Labour Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国劳动法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó láo dòng fǎ), 1994.

  2. 2.

    [Labour Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国劳动合同法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó láo dòng hé tóng fǎ), 2007.

  3. 3.

    [Employment Promotion Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国就业促进法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó jiù yè cù jìn fǎ), 2007.

  4. 4.

    [Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国职业病防治法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó zhí yè bìng fáng zhì fǎ), 2001.

  5. 5.

    [Occupational Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国安全生产法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó ān quán shēng chǎn fǎ), 2002.

  6. 6.

    [Trade Union Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国工会法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó gōng huì fǎ), 1992.

  7. 7.

    [Labour Dispute Mediation and Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国劳动争议调解仲裁法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó láo dòng zhēng yì tiáo jiě zhòng cái fǎ), 2007.

  8. 8.

    [Social Insurance Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国社会保险法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó shè huì bǎo xiǎn fǎ), 2010.

  9. 9.

    Garcia 2009, at p. 247.

  10. 10.

    Harper Ho 2009, at p. 37.

  11. 11.

    In China, mediation may be carried out by various types of organizations, including e.g. specific mediation commissions, arbitration organs and courts.

  12. 12.

    Harper Ho 2009, at p. 45.

  13. 13.

    “The administrative departments of labour under the people’s governments at or above the county level shall, in accordance with the law, supervise and inspect the implementation of laws, rules and regulations on labour by the employing unit, and have the power to stop any acts that run counter to laws, rules and regulations on labour and order the rectification thereof.” [Labour Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国劳动法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó láo dòng fǎ), 1994, Article 85.

  14. 14.

    See [Regulations on Labour and Social Security Supervision] 劳动保障监察条例 (láo dòng bǎo zhàng jiān chá tiáo lì), 2004, Article 11.

  15. 15.

    Ibid., Article 14.

  16. 16.

    Ibid., Article 13.

  17. 17.

    [Labour Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国劳动合同法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó láo dòng hé tóng fǎ), 2007, Article 74.

  18. 18.

    In 2012, the total number of migrant workers had reached 262.61 billion, 9.83 million more than the previous year. See [Statistical Communiqué of the People’s Republic of China on the Development of Human Resource and Social Security Undertakings in 2012] 2012年度人力资源和社会保障事业发展统计剬报 (2012 nián dù rén lì zī yuán hé shè huì bǎo zhàng shì yè fā zhǎn tǒng jì gōng bào), 2013.

  19. 19.

    Ibid.

  20. 20.

    Labour Inspection Convention No. 81, Article 3(1).

  21. 21.

    [Xie] 谢增毅 2010, at p. 114.

  22. 22.

    [First Civil Division of the Higher People’s Court of Beijing Municipality] 北京市高级人民法院民一庭, 2013, at pp. 26–27.

  23. 23.

    See [Statistical Communiqué of the People’s Republic of China on the Development of Human Resource and Social Security Undertakings] 年度人力资源和社会保障事业发展统计剬报 (nián dù rén lì zī yuán hé shè huì bǎo zhàng shì yè fā zhǎn tǒng jì gōng bào), 2010/2011/2012.

  24. 24.

    [Development Report on the National Market Entities in 2013] 2013年全国市场主体发展报告 (2013 nián quán guó shì chǎng zhǔ tǐ fā zhǎn bào gào), 2013, at pp. 1–2.

  25. 25.

    See [Statistical Communiqué of the People’s Republic of China on the Development of Human Resource and Social Security Undertakings] 年度人力资源和社会保障事业发展统计剬报 (nián dù rén lì zī yuán hé shè huì bǎo zhàng shì yè fā zhǎn tǒng jì gōng bào), 2010/2011/2012.

  26. 26.

    See ibid.

  27. 27.

    [Labour Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国劳动法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó láo dòng fǎ), 1994, Article 79.

  28. 28.

    [Shi] 史探径 2007, at p. 148.

  29. 29.

    Harper Ho 2009, at p. 77.

  30. 30.

    [Labour Dispute Mediation and Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国劳动争议调解仲裁法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó láo dòng zhēng yì tiào jiě zhòng cái fǎ), 2007, Articles 18 and 19.

  31. 31.

    Ibid., Article 27.

  32. 32.

    Ibid., Article 43.

  33. 33.

    In order to prevent some employers from engaging in malicious litigation aimed at stalling for time and increasing workers’ cost of upholding their rights and interests, the [Labour Dispute Mediation and Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国劳动争议调解仲裁法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó láo dòng zhēng yì tiào jiě zhòng cái fǎ), 2007 provides for a system whereby the arbitral award is final in some small-claims cases. Ibid., Article 47.

  34. 34.

    Ibid., Article 6.

  35. 35.

    Ibid., Article 53.

  36. 36.

    [Xinhua Net] 新华网, 3 July 2007.

  37. 37.

    See [Statistical Communiqué of the People’s Republic of China on the Development of Human Resource and Social Security Undertakings in 2007] 2007年度人力资源和社会保障事业发展统计剬报 (2007 nián dù rén lì zī yuán hé shè huì bǎo zhàng shì yè fā zhǎn tǒng jì gōng bào), 2008.

  38. 38.

    See [Statistical Communiqué of the People’s Republic of China on the Development of Human Resource and Social Security Undertakings in 2008] 2008年度人力资源和社会保障事业发展统计剬报 (2008 nián dù rén lì zī yuán hé shè huì bǎo zhàng shì yè fā zhǎn tǒng jì gōng bào), 2009.

  39. 39.

    [Wang] 王胜俊 2009.

  40. 40.

    [First Civil Division of the Higher People’s Court of Beijing Municipality] 北京市高级人民法院民一庭, 2013, at p. 18.

  41. 41.

    Ibid., at p. 26.

  42. 42.

    Ibid., at p. 13.

  43. 43.

    Ibid., at p. 19.

  44. 44.

    Brown 2012, at p. 562.

  45. 45.

    Wang 2013 b, at p. 80.

  46. 46.

    See [Xie] 谢增毅 2008, at p. 108.

  47. 47.

    Wang 2013 b, at p. 80.

  48. 48.

    [Civil Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国民事诉讼法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó mín shì sù sòng fǎ), 1991 (as revised in 2013).

  49. 49.

    [First Civil Division of the Higher People’s Court of Beijing Municipality] 北京市高级人民法院民一庭, 2011, at p. 26.

  50. 50.

    [Wang] 王蓓 2012, at p. 85.

  51. 51.

    [Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court of Several Issues on the Application of Law in the Trial of Labour Dispute Cases] 最高人民法院关于审理劳动争议案件适用法律若干问题的解释 (zuì gāo rén mín fǎ yuàn guān yú shěn lǐ láo dòng zhēng yì àn jiàn shì yòng fǎ lǜ ruò gān wèn tí de jiě shì), 2001; [Second Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court of Several Issues on the Application of Law in the Trial of Labour Dispute Cases] 最高人民法院关于审理劳动争议案件适用法律若干问题的解释(二) (zuì gāo rén mín fǎ yuàn guān yú shěn lǐ láo dòng zhēng yì àn jiàn shì yòng fǎ lǜ ruò gān wèn tí de jiě shì (èr)), 2006; and [Third Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court of Several Issues on the Application of Law in the Trial of Labour Dispute Cases] 最高人民法院关于审理劳动争议案件适用法律若干问题的解释(三) (zuì gāo rén mín fǎ yuàn guān yú shěn lǐ láo dòng zhēng yì àn jiàn shì yòng fǎ lǜ ruò gān wèn tí de jiě shì (sān)), 2010; [Fourth Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court on Certain Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Labour Dispute Cases] 最高人民法院关于审理劳动争议案件适用法律若干问题的解释(四) (zuì gāo rén mín fǎ yuàn guān yú shěn lǐ láo dòng zhēng yì àn jiàn shì yòng fǎ lǜ ruò gān wèn tí de jiě shì (sì)), 2013.

  52. 52.

    Xie 2014, at p. 161.

  53. 53.

    [Labour Dispute Mediation and Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国劳动争议调解仲裁法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó láo dòng zhēng yì tiáo jiě zhòng cái fǎ), 2007, Article 10.

  54. 54.

    See [Statistical Communiqué of the People’s Republic of China on the Development of Human Resource and Social Security Undertakings] 年度人力资源和社会保障事业发展统计剬报 (nián dù rén lì zī yuán hé shè huì bǎo zhàng shì yè fā zhǎn tǒng jì gōng bào), 2010/2011/2012.

  55. 55.

    [Labour Dispute Mediation and Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国劳动争议调解仲裁法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó láo dòng zhēng yì tiào jiě zhòng cái fǎ), 2007, Article 42.

  56. 56.

    [First Civil Division of the Higher People’s Court of Beijing Municipality] 北京市高级人民法院民一庭, 2012, at p. 21.

  57. 57.

    [First Civil Division of the Higher People’s Court of Beijing Municipality] 北京市高级人民法院民一庭, 2013, at p. 26.

  58. 58.

    Brown 2012, at p. 564.

  59. 59.

    [Labour Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国劳动法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó láo dòng fǎ), 1994, Article 80.

  60. 60.

    [Regulations on Consultation and Mediation for Labour Disputes in Enterprises] 企业劳动争议协商调解规定 (qǐ yè láo dòng zhēng yì xié shāng tiáo jiě guī diìng), 2011, Articles 13 and 14.

  61. 61.

    [Wang] 王蓓 2012, at p. 88.

  62. 62.

    [Labour Dispute Mediation and Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国劳动争议调解仲裁法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó láo dòng zhēng yì tiáo jiě zhòng cái fǎ), 2007, Article 10.

  63. 63.

    [Mediation Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国仲裁法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó zhòng cái fǎ), 2010, Articles 2 and 3. In China, people’s mediation commissions are established at the village or community level to provide voluntary and free mediation to parties in civil disputes. This mediation procedure is completely voluntary. As these mediation commissions are widely established at the grass-roots level, a large number of disputes are settled through them. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Justice of PRC, in 2013 people’s mediation commissions nationwide accepted 9.40 million disputes and the success rate of mediation was over 90 %. See [General Report of the Work of Justice Administration of 2013] 二○一三年司法行政工作综述 (2013 nián sī fǎ xíng zhèng gōng zuò zōng shù), 2014.

  64. 64.

    [Labour Dispute Mediation and Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国劳动争议调解仲裁法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó láo dòng zhēng yì tiáo jiě zhòng cái fǎ), 2007, Article 11.

  65. 65.

    [Xie] 谢增毅 2011, at p. 191.

  66. 66.

    [Trade Union Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国工会法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó gōng huì fǎ), 1992 (as revised in 2001), Article 20.

  67. 67.

    [Labour Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国劳动法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó láo dòng fǎ), 1994, Article 84.

  68. 68.

    See [Xie] 谢增毅 2008, at p. 104.

  69. 69.

    [Qin] 秦国荣 2010, at p. 142.

  70. 70.

    [Wang] 王蓓 2013a, at p. 120.

  71. 71.

    [Zheng] 郑祝君 2012, at p. 94.

  72. 72.

    See [Xie] 谢增毅 2008, at p. 98.

  73. 73.

    [Xin] 信春鹰 2008, at pp. 16–17.

  74. 74.

    Harper Ho 2009. at p.106.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Law, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

    Zengyi Xie

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  1. Faculty of Law, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Ulla Liukkunen

  2. Peking University Law School, Beijing, China

    Yifeng Chen

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Xie, Z. (2016). Implementation Mechanisms for Chinese Labour Law: Institutions, Practices, and Challenges. In: Liukkunen, U., Chen, Y. (eds) Fundamental Labour Rights in China - Legal Implementation and Cultural Logic. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, vol 49. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23156-3_5

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