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Custos Messium

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The Lost Constellations

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Abstract

Custos Messium was introduced on his 1775 celestial globe by the French astronomer Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de Lalande (1732–1807) “on the occasion of the comet which appeared near the North Pole.” This comet was C/1774 P1, also known as Comet Montaigne; Messier described it in his handwritten document Notice de mes comètes (“Notes on my comets”):

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Notes

  1. 1.

    “Between Cassiopeia, Cepheus and Camelopardalis” (Lalande 1776); “It is bounded by Cassiopeia, Cepheus, Tarandus, and Camelopardalis” (Green, 1824); “It lies between the constellations of Cassiopoeia and the Reindeer” (Kendall, 1845).

  2. 2.

    Catalogue of Scientific Papers (1800–1900): Ser. 1, 1800–1863, ed. Henry White, Herbert McLeod, and Henry Forster Morley, London: George Edward Eyre and William Spottiswoode, Vol IV., p. 353 (1870).

  3. 3.

    Paris Observatory manuscript No. C2-19, c. 1805, translated by Hartmut Frommert.

  4. 4.

    “Ist von Herrn de la Lande zu Ehren des Herrn Messier der bey seinen unermüdeten Durchmusterungen des Firmaments, in 30 Jahren sast alle erschienene Cometen entdekte, zwischen der Cassiopeja und dem Rennthier ans Firmament gebracht.”

  5. 5.

    “The Constant Stars,” Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 55, No. 325, p. 177 (1943).

  6. 6.

    Stebbins (1878–1966) was a pioneer of photoelectric photometry during his tenure as director of Washburn Observatory at the University of Wisconsin-Madison from 1922–1948.

  7. 7.

    See, e.g., George A. Davis, Jr., “The So-Called Royal Stars of Persia”, Popular Astronomy, Vol. 53, No. 4, April 1945.

  8. 8.

    “Arctophylax, commonly said to be Boötes.” Aratus, Phainomena, 96.

  9. 9.

    Etymologies III.71.8–9, trans. S.A. Barney, W.J. Lewis, J.A. Beach and O. Berghof (2006).

  10. 10.

    From Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott’s A Greek-English Lexicon, edited by Sir Henry Stuart Jones and Roderick McKenzie, Oxford: Clarendon Press (1940). Liddell and Scott gave two definitions of φύλαξ, φύλακος: (I) a “watcher, guard, sentinel” in the context of a military, or (II) a “guardian, keeper, protector” or an “observer”.

  11. 11.

    Othello, the Moor of Venice Act II, Scene I, lines 15–17.

  12. 12.

    Examples are found in the Book of Daniel (second century bc) and the apocryphal Books of Enoch (second to first centuries bc), the latter of which refers to both good and bad Watchers.

  13. 13.

    See, e.g., Inez Scott-Ryberg, “Rites of the State Religion in Roman Art,” Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, Vol. 22, pp. 10–13 (1955). Scott-Ryberg cited as examples (1) a wall painting in the Tomb of the Leopards at Tarquinia in which offerings are made to Lar-like figures or deified ancestors prior to the celebration of funeral games, and (2) a black-figure Etruscan vase featuring the iconography associated with the later Roman cult.

  14. 14.

    Tibullus, 1.1.19\(\mbox{ endash }\) 24.

  15. 15.

    De Legibus 2.8.

  16. 16.

    Messier recorded this as object one in his later catalog; it is now familiar as the Crab Nebula supernova remnant (Messier 1).

  17. 17.

    Messier 2, a globular star cluster.

  18. 18.

    Messier 3, a globular star cluster.

  19. 19.

    In Connaissance de Temps, a French nautical almanac (1801).

  20. 20.

    “Catalogue des Nébuleuses & des amas d’Étoiles” in Connaissance des Temps for 1784, pp. 227–267 (1781).

  21. 21.

    The Century dictionary and cyclopedia: with a new atlas of the world: a work of general reference in all departments of knowledge, ed. William Dwight Whitney and Benjamin Eli Smith, The Century Co., New York, Volume 2, p. 1414 (1913).

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    John C. Barentine

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Barentine, J.C. (2016). Custos Messium. In: The Lost Constellations. Springer Praxis Books(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22795-5_8

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