Abstract
In light of pronounced and persistent labour and skill shortages in non-metropolitan areas, Australia has sought to develop and maintain a comprehensive immigration policy framework and development policies to attract and retain overseas graduates from local Higher Education Institutions. While prior work has shed light on the employment outcomes and the individual characteristics that promote settlement outside major cities, less is known about the post-graduation migration patterns and redistribution of overseas graduates following graduation. Drawing on data from the Australian Graduate Survey, this chapter explores the key spatial patterns and redistribution of overseas graduates in Australia. The results highlight the propensity of overseas graduates to cluster in the metropolitan areas of New South Wales, Victoria, and Queensland for employment following graduation. Overseas graduates are more likely to study in regional areas than their domestic counterparts, but are also more likely to move to major metropolitan areas after graduation. Overseas graduates are drawn to major metropolitan regions by social and economic ties, particularly to migrant communities within major cities. The clear preference of overseas graduates for metropolitan areas highlights that existing rural development policies have a limited demonstrated capacity to redirect overseas graduates to work in non-metropolitan areas and suggests a need for future policies to consider ways in which particular factors – such as a sense of attachment from previous study and living experience in a non-metropolitan locale – affect desired migratory outcomes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
The 2007 GDS captured approximately 40.8% of the 2006 overseas graduating cohort compared to 62.3% for domestic graduates.
References
ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics). (2008a). Mining operations, Australia, 2006–07. Catalogue no. 8415.0. Canberra: ABS.
ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics). (2008b). Queensland at a glance, 2008. Catalogue no. 1312.3. Canberra: ABS.
ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics). (2011). Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC). Catalogue no. 1216.0. Canberra: ABS.
ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics). (2013a). Agriculture. http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/c311215.nsf/web/agriculture. Accessed 1 Aug 2014.
ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics). (2013b). National regional profile: Northern Territory. http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@nrp.nsf/Previousproducts/LGA7Industry12007-2011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=LGA7&issue=2007-2011. Accessed 1 Aug 2014.
Argent, N., & Tonts, M. (2015). A multicultural and multifunctional countryside? International labour migration and Australia’s productivist heartlands. Population, Space and Place, 21(2), 140–156. doi:10.1002/psp.1812.
Arkoudis, S., Hawthorne, L., Baik, C., et al. (2009). The impact of English language proficiency and workplace readiness on the employment outcomes of tertiary international students. Canberra: Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations.
Bauer, T., Epstein, G., & Gang, I. N. (2002). Herd effects or migration networks? The location choice of Mexican immigrants in the U.S. (IZA Discussion Paper No. 551). Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labour.
Becker, K., Hyland, P., & Soosay, C. (2013). Labour attraction and retention in rural and remote Queensland communities. Australasian Journal of Regional Science, 3, 342–368.
Bell, M. (1994). Australians on the move: Internal migration in Australia. Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Queensland.
Bell, M., & Hugo, G. (2000). Internal migration in Australia 1991–1996: Overview and the Overseas-born. Canberra: Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs.
Birrell, B., & Healy, E. (2013). Implications of the Chaney report for the labour market outcomes for international students. Melbourne: Centre for Population and Urban Research.
Birrell, B., Hawthorne, L., & Richardson, S. (2006). Evaluation of the general skilled migration categories. Belconnen: Department of Communication, Information Technology and the Arts.
Birrell, B., Healy, E., Betts, K., et al. (2011). Immigration and the resources boom mark 2. Melbourne: Centre for Population and Urban Research.
Bradley, R., & Gans, J. S. (1998). Growth in Australian cities. Economic Record, 74, 266–278.
BTRE (Bureau of Transport and Regional Economics). (2004). Focus on regions No. 2: Education, skills and qualifications (Information paper no. 51). Canberra: Bureau of Transport and Regional Economics, Department of Transport and Regional Services.
BTRE (Bureau of Transport and Regional Economics). (2006). Skill shortages in Australia’s regions (Working Paper No. 68). Canberra: Bureau of Transport and Regional Economics, Department of Transport and Regional Services.
Connell, J., & McManus, P. (2011). Rural revival? Place marketing, tree change and regional migration in Australia. Farnham: Ashgate.
Corcoran, J., Faggian, A., & McCann, P. (2010). Human capital in remote and rural Australia: The role of graduate migration. Growth and Change, 41(2), 192–220.
Corcoran, J., Rowe, F., Faggian, A., et al. (2015). Using spatial modelling to investigate the impact of policy change. In J. Lombard, E. Stern, & G. Clarke (Eds.), Applied spatial modelling and planning. Oxon: Routledge.
Cully, M. (2011, September 12–13). Managing labour migration in response to economic and demographic needs. Paper presented at the International Dialogue on Migration 2011. International Organisation of Migration, Geneva.
Department of Communities. (2006). Blueprint for the bush. Brisbane: Department of Communities.
Department of Education. (2013). uCube – Higher Education Statistics. http://highereducationstatistics.education.gov.au/. Accessed 10 Feb 2015.
DIAC (Department of Immigration and Citizenship). (2012). Australian immigration fact sheet 15 – Population projections. Belconnen: Department of Immigration and Citizenship.
DIBP (Department of Immigration and Border Protection). (2013). Regional Australia/low population growth metropolitan areas. https://www.immi.gov.au/skilled/general-skilled-migration/regional-growth.htm. Accessed 28 May 2014.
DPC (Department of the Premier and Cabinet). (2008). Queensland 2020 ideas to action forum report. Brisbane: Department of the Premier and Cabinet.
DPMC (Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet). (2008). Australia 2020 summit final report. Barton: Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet.
Epstein, G. S. (2008). Herd and network effects in migration decision making. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 34(4), 567–583.
Faggian, A., Corcoran, J., & Rowe, F. (forthcoming). Evaluating the effects of Australian policy changes on human capital: The role of a graduate visa scheme. Environment and Planning (accepted on 26 Feb 2014).
Gao, M. C. F., & Liu, X. (1998). From student to citizen: A survey of students from the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in Australia. International Migration, 36(1), 27–48.
Geddie, K. P. (2013). The transnational ties that bind: Relationship considerations for graduating international science and engineering research students. Population, Space and Place, 19(2), 196–208.
Guthrie, B. (2008). Graduate destination 2007. Melbourne: Graduate Careers Australia.
Hall, G., & Hooper, K. (2008). Australia’s exports of education services. Bulletin (Reserve Bank of Australia), 13(6), 12–17.
Hawthorne, L. (2005). Picking winners: The recent transformation of Australia’s skilled migration policy. International Migration Review, 39(3), 663–696.
Hawthorne, L. (2008). The growing global demand for students as skilled migrants. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.
Hogan, A., & Young, M. (2013). Visioning a future for rural and regional Australia. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 6(2), 319–330.
Hugo, G. (1995). Understanding where immigrants live. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Hugo, G. (2006). Temporary migration and the labour market in Australia. Australian Geographer, 37(2), 211–231.
Hugo, G. (2008). Immigrant settlement outside of Australia’s capital cities. Population, Space and Place, 14(6), 553–571.
Hugo, G., & Harris, K. (2011). Population distribution effects of migration in Australia. Belconnen: Department of Immigration and Citizenship.
Khoo, S., Hugo, G., & McDonald, P. (2008). Which skilled temporary migrants become permanent residents and why? International Migration, 42(1), 193–226.
MacDonald, J. S., & MacDonald, L. (1964). Chain migration ethnic neighbourhood formation and social networks. The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 42(1), 82–97.
Massey, S. J. L., & Parr, N. (2012). The socio-economic status of migrant populations in regional and rural Australia and its implications for future population policy. Journal for Population Research, 29(1), 1–21.
Mathur, V. (1999). Human capital-based strategy for regional economic development. Economic Development Quarterly, 13(3), 203–216.
McGrail, M., Humphreys, J., Joyce, C., et al. (2011). Rural amenity and medical workforce shortage: Is there a relationship? Geographical Research, 49(2), 192–202.
Mosneaga, A., & Winther, L. (2013). Emerging talents? International students before and after their career start in Denmark. Population, Space and Place, 19(2), 181–195.
Nelson, B. (2003). Engaging the world through education: Ministerial statement on the internationalisation of Australian education and training. Canberra: Department of Education, Science and Training.
O’Sullivan, S. J. H. (2013). Rural restructuring and rural in-migration patterns in Ireland. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Geography, University of Limerick.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). (2011). Education at a glance 2011: OECD indicators. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Phillips, J., & Spinks, H. (2012). Skilled migration: Temporary and permanent flows to Australia. Canberra: Department of Parliamentary Services.
Portes, A., & Sensenbrenner, J. (1993). Embeddedness and immigration: Notes on the social determinants of economic action. American Journal of Sociology, 98(6), 1320–1350.
RDV (Regional Development Victoria). (2013). Dai Gum San – Bendigo. http://www.rdv.vic.gov.au/victorian-regions/success-stories/dai-gum-san. Accessed 15 Jan 2015.
RDV (Regional Development Victoria). (2014). Regional infrastructure development. http://www.rdv.vic.gov.au/about-us/regional-infrastructure-development. Accessed 14 Jan 2015.
Rolfe, M. (2013). State of the States: New South Wales. http://theconversation.com/state-of-the-states-new-south-wales-17348. Accessed 7 Apr 2014.
Rowe, F., Corcoran, J., & Faggian, A. (2013). Mobility patterns of overseas human capital in Australia: The role of a ‘new’ graduate visa scheme and rural development policy. Australian Geographer, 44(2), 177–195.
Rowe, F., Tang, A. Z. R., & Corcoran, J. (2015). Transfer of human capital flows to non-metropolitan economies: University graduates, skills and knowledge in Australia (Working Paper 01/2015). Brisbane: Queensland Centre for Population Research.
RRSDC (Rural and Regional Services and Development Committee) (2006). Inquiry into retaining young people in rural towns and communities (Working Paper No. 234). Melbourne: Parliament of Victoria.
Sander, N., Abel, G. J., Bauer, R., et al. (2014). Visualising migration flow data with circular plots (Working Paper No. 02/2014). Vienna: Vienna Institute of Demography.
Searston, I. (1995). Beyond the conventional wisdom: A reply to Sher and Sher 1994. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 11(1), 55–61.
Stimson, R. J., Baum, S., & Van Gellecum, Y. (2004). A typology of economic and human capital performance across Australia’s large and medium size towns. Australasian Journal of Regional Studies, 10(3), 367–382.
Suter, B., & Jandl, M. (2008). Train and retrain: National and regional policies to promote the settlement of foreign graduates in knowledge economies. International Migration and Integration, 9(4), 401–418.
Tang, A. Z. R., Rowe, F., Corcoran, J., et al. (2014). Where are the overseas graduates staying on? Overseas graduate migration and rural attachment in Australia. Applied Geography, 53, 66–76.
Thrift, N. (2013). The internationalisation of producer services and the integration of the Pacific basin property market. In M. Taylor & N. Thrift (Eds.), Multinationals and the restructuring of the world economy: The geography of multinationals (pp. 142–192). Oxon: Routledge.
Vanstone, A. (2005). Employers and students to gain from changes to visa. http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;adv=yes;page=0;query=Id%3A%22media%2Fpressrel%2FKDSH6%22;rec=0;resCount=45. Accessed 9 Feb 2015.
Vias, A. C. (1999). Jobs follow people in the rural rocky mountain west. Rural Development Perspectives, 14(2), 14–23.
Willis, M., Kennedy, R., & Yeap, V. (2000, October 13–14). Mismatched market? An evaluation of whether overseas student’s expectations are being met in Australia during a period of rapid education expansion and internationalisation. Paper presented at ANZIBA annual conference, Australia and New Zealand International Business Academy, Auckland.
Ziguras, C., & Law, S. (2006). Recruiting international students as skilled migrants: The global ‘skills race’ as viewed from Australia and Malaysia. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 4(1), 59–76.
Acknowledgements
We wish to acknowledge Graduate Careers Australia for their co-operation and the supply of the data on which this paper is based. Graduate Careers Australia cannot accept responsibility for any inferences or conclusions derived from the data by third parties.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tang, A.Z.R., Rowe, F., Corcoran, J., Sigler, T. (2016). Spatial Mobility Patterns of Overseas Graduates in Australia. In: Wilson, T., Charles-Edwards, E., Bell, M. (eds) Demography for Planning and Policy: Australian Case Studies. Applied Demography Series, vol 7. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22135-9_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22135-9_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-22134-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-22135-9
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)