Abstract
Chapter 9 considers what the evidence suggesting health-related care practice seen in the remains of two Neandertals, La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 and La Ferrassie 1, may indicate about behavioural complexity in the European Upper Middle Palaeolithic. This chapter also illustrates how bioarchaeology of care analysis copes with incomplete and ambiguous evidence (from both a bioanthropological and archaeological perspective) when attempting to infer and interpret the provision of care - a situation commonly encountered in this area of research. This case study is particularly important because it demonstrates the capacity of the bioarchaeology of care approach to help address some long-standing and fundamental questions concerning cognition and behaviour in an earlier species.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adler, D., Bar-Oz, G., Belfer-Cohen, A., & Bar-Yosef, O. (2006). Ahead of the game: Middle and upper Palaeolithic hunting behaviors in the Southern Caucasus. Current Anthropology, 47, 89–118.
Al-Shatoury, H. A. H. (2012). Cervical spondylosis. eMedicine. Retrieved February 20, 2012, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/306036
Amital, H., Applbaum, Y. H., Vasiliev, L., and Rubinow, A. (2004). Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy: Control of pain and symptoms with pamidronate. Clinical Rheumatology, 23, 330–332.
Appenzeller, T. (2013). Neanderthal culture: Old masters. Nature, 497(7449), 302–304.
Arsuaga, J. L., Villaverde, V., Quam, R., Martínez, I., Carretero, J. M., Lorenzo, C., et al. (2007). New Neandertal remains from Cova Negra (Valencia, Spain). Journal of Human Evolution, 52, 31–58.
Assis, S., Santos, A. L., & Roberts, C. A. (2011). Evidence of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in individuals from the Coimbra Skeletal Identified Collection (Portugal). International Journal of Paleopathology, 1, 155–163.
Bal, B. S., & Barrett, M. (2005). Acute sepsis complicating degenerative arthritis of the hip joint: A report of three cases. Journal of Orthopaedic Advances, 14, 190–192.
Balter, M. (2012). Did Neanderthals truly bury their dead? Science, 337, 1443–1444.
Balter, V., & Simon, L. (2006). Diet and behavior of the Saint-Césaire Neanderthal inferred from biogeochemical data inversion. Journal of Human Evolution, 51, 329–338.
Barrett, M. O., & Bal, B. S. (2007). Septic arthritis of the hip in an immune competent adult: The significance of the differential diagnosis. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 20, 307–309.
Beaman, C. P. (2007). Modern cognition in the absence of working memory: Does the working memory account of Neandertal cognition work? Journal of Human Evolution, 52, 702–706.
Bednarik, R. G. (1992). Palaeoart and archaeological myths. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 2, 27–43.
Belfer-Cohen, A., & Hovers, E. (1992). In the eye of the beholder: Mousterian and Natufian burials in the Levant. Current Anthropology, 33, 463–471.
Berger, T. D., & Trinkaus, E. (1995). Patterns of trauma among the Neandertals. Journal of Archaeological Science, 22, 841–852.
Binford, S. R. (1968). A structural comparison of disposal of the dead in the Mousterian and the Upper Paleolithic. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 24, 139–154.
Bouyssonie, A., Bouyssonie, J., & Bardon, L. (1908). Découverte d’un squelette humain moustérien à la Bouffia de la Chapelle-aux-Saints (Corrèze). L’Anthropologie, 19, 513–518.
Bradley, D. M. (2006). Implications of Late Pleistocene climate change on the morphological variations of the Neanderthal. Geosciences thesis: Paper 4, Georgia State University, Digital Archive, Atlanta, GA.
Brennan, M. U. (1991). Health and disease in the Middle and Upper Paleolithic of southwestern France: A bioarchaeological study. Ph.D. thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
Briggs, A. W., Good, J. M., Green, R. E., Krause, J., Maricic, T., Stenzel, U., et al. (2009). Targeted retrieval and analysis of five Neandertal mtDNA genomes. Science, 325, 318–321.
Brusch, J. (2014). Septic arthritis. eMedicine. Retrieved January, 2015, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/236299-overview
Caron, F., d’Errico, F., Del Moral, P., Santos, F., & Zilhão, J. (2011). The reality of Neandertal symbolic behavior at the Grotte du Renne, Arcy-sur-Cure, France. PLoS One, 6, e21545.
Chapman, C. R., & Gavrin, J. (1999). Suffering: The contributions of persistent pain. The Lancet, 353, 2233–2237.
Chapman, C. R., Tuckett, R. P., & Song, C. W. (2008). Pain and stress in a systems perspective: Reciprocal neural, endocrine, and immune interactions. The Journal of Pain, 9, 122–145.
D’Anastasio, R., Wroe, S., Tuniz, C., Mancini, L., Cesana, D. T., Dreossi, D., et al. (2013). Micro-biomechanics of the Kebara 2 hyoid and its implications for speech in Neanderthals. PLoS One, 8, e82261.
d’Errico, F. (2003). The invisible frontier: A multiple species model for the origin of behavioral modernity. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 12, 188–202.
d’Errico, F., & Henshilwood, C. S. (2011). The origin of symbolically mediated behaviour: From antagonistic scenarios to a unified research strategy. In C. S. Henshilwood & F. d’Errico (Eds.), Homo symbolicus: The dawn of language, imagination and spirituality (pp. 49–74). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
d’Errico, F., Henshilwood, C., Lawson, G., Vanhaeren, M., Tillier, A. M., Soressi, M., et al. (2003). Archaeological evidence for the emergence of language, symbolism, and music—An alternative multidisciplinary perspective. Journal of World Prehistory, 17, 1–70.
d’Errico, F., & Soressi, M. (2002). Systematic use of manganese pigment by Pech-de-l’Azé Neandertals: Implications for the origin of behavioral modernity. Journal of Human Evolution, 42, A13.
d’Errico, F., & Stringer, C. B. (2011). Evolution, revolution or saltation scenario for the emergence of modern cultures? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B: Biological Sciences, 366, 1060–1069.
d’Errico, F., Zilhao, J., Julien, M., Baffier, D., & Pelegrin, J. (1998). Neanderthal acculturation in Western Europe? A critical review of the evidence and its interpretation. Current Anthropology, 39, 1–44.
Davenport, M. (2010). Fracture, hip: Follow-up. eMedicine. Retrieved April 11, 2010, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/825363-followup
Davies, R., & Underdown, S. (2006). The Neanderthals: A social synthesis. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 16, 145–64.
Dawson, J. E., & Trinkaus, E. (1997). Vertebral osteoarthritis of the La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 Neanderthal. Journal of Archaeological Science, 24, 1015–1021.
Day, M. H. (1986). Guide to fossil man (4th ed.). London: Butler and Tanner.
DeGusta, D. (2002). Comparative skeletal pathology and the case for conspecific care in Middle Pleistocene hominids. Journal of Archaeological Science, 29, 1435–1438.
DeGusta, D. (2003). Aubesier 11 is not evidence of Neanderthal conspecific care. Journal of Human Evolution, 45, 91–94.
Devas, M. B., & Sweetnam, R. (1956). Stress fractures of the fibula: A review of fifty cases in athletes. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 38, 818–829.
Dhawan, R. (2011). Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. eMedicine. Retrieved August 10, 2011, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/333735-overview
DiFiori, J. P. (1999). Stress fracture of the proximal fibula in a young soccer player: A case report and a review of the literature. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 31, 925–928.
Doty, S. L., Lopatin, D. E., Syed, S. A., & Smith, F. N. (1982). Humoral immune response to oral microorganisms in periodontitis. Infection and Immunity, 37, 499–505.
Drell, J. R. (2000). Neanderthals: A history of interpretation. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 19, 1–24.
El-Khoury, G. Y., & Whitten, C. G. (1993). Trauma to the upper thoracic spine: Anatomy, biomechanics, and unique imaging features. American Journal of Roentgenology, 160, 95–102.
Eriksson, A., & Manica, A. (2012). Effect of ancient population structure on the degree of polymorphism shared between modern human populations and ancient hominins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, 13956–13960.
Evans, P. J., & McGrory, B. J. (2002). Fractures of the proximal femur. Hospital Physician, 38, 30–38.
Felton, D. A. (2009). Edentulism and comorbid factors. Journal of Prosthodontics, 18, 88–96.
Fennell, K. J., & Trinkaus, E. (1997). Bilateral femoral and tibial periostitis in the La Ferrassie 1 Neanderthal. Journal of Archaeological Science, 24, 985–995.
Frayer, D. W., Fiore, I., Lalueza-Fox, C., Radovčić, J., & Bondioli, L. (2012). Replay to Benítez-Burraco & Longa: When is enough, enough? Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 90, 1–6.
Frayer, D. W., & Wolpoff, M. H. (1985). Sexual dimorphism. Annual Review of Anthropology, 14, 429–473.
Froehle, A. W., & Churchill, S. E. (2009). Energetic competition between Neandertals and anatomically modern humans. PaleoAnthropology, 2009, 96–116.
Gall, E. A., Bennett, G. A., & Bauer, W. (1951). Generalized hypertrophic osteoarthropathy: A pathologic study of seven cases. The American Journal of Pathology, 27, 349.
Gargett, R. H. (1989). Grave shortcomings: The evidence for Neandertal burial. Current Anthropology, 30, 157–190.
Gargett, R. H. (1999). Middle Palaeolithic burial is not a dead issue: The view from Qafzeh, Saint-Césaire, Kebara, Amud, and Dederiyeh. Journal of Human Evolution, 37, 27–90.
Garralda, M. D., Maureille, B., & Vandermeersch, B. (2014). Neanderthal infant and adult infracranial remains from Marillac (Charente, France). American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 155, 99–113.
Granados, J. I. (1979). The influence of the loss of teeth and attrition on the articular eminence. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 42, 78–85.
Green, R. E., Malaspinas, A. S., Krause, J., Briggs, A. W., Johnson, P. L., Uhler, C., et al. (2008). A complete Neandertal mitochondrial genome sequence determined by high-throughput sequencing. Cell, 134, 416–426.
Green, R. E., Krause, J., Briggs, A. W., Maricic, T., Stenzel, U., Kircher, M., and 50 others (2010). A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome. Science 328, 710–722.
Guardia, C. F. Temporomandibular disorders. eMedicine. Retrieved February 13, 2012, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1143410-clinical
Hardy, K., Buckley, S., Collins, M. J., Estalrrich, A., Brothwell, D., Copeland, L., et al. (2012). Neanderthal medics? Evidence for food, cooking, and medicinal plants entrapped in dental calculus. Naturwissenschaften, 99, 617–626.
Hardy, B. L., & Moncel, M. H. (2011). Neanderthal use of fish, mammals, birds, starchy plants and wood 125-250,000 years ago. PLoS One, 6, e23768.
Hardy, B. L., Moncel, M. H., Daujeard, C., Fernandes, P., Béarez, P., Desclaux, E., et al. (2013). Impossible Neanderthals? Making string, throwing projectiles and catching small game during Marine Isotope Stage 4 (Abri du Maras, France). Quaternary Science Reviews, 82, 23–40.
Hardy, M., Pothier Bouchard, G., & Doyon, L. (2014). Un outil en os à usages multiples dans un contexte moustérien. Actualités Scientifiques, 3, 741–744.
Harrold, F. B. (1980). A comparative analysis of Eurasian Palaeolithic burials. World Archaeology, 12, 195–211.
Harvati, K. (2010). Neanderthals. Evolution: Education and Outreach, 3, 367–376.
Hayden, B. (2012). Neandertal social structure? Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 31, 1–26.
Hayman, J. (2012, June 6). Dr. Jarvis Hayman, Orthopaedic Surgeon, Goulburn Base Hospital (retired), Visitor in Forensic Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, personal communication.
Heim, J.-L. (1976). Les homes fossils de La Ferrassie. Archives de l’Institut de Paléontologie Humaine (Mémoire 35). Paris: Masson.
Higham, T., Jacobi, R., Julien, M., David, F., Basell, L., Wood, R., et al. (2010). Chronology of the Grotte du Renne (France) and implications for the context of ornaments and human remains within the Châtelperronian. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 20234–20239.
Hiscock, P., Turq, A., Faivre, J.-P., & Bourguignon, L. (2009). Quina procurement and tool production. In B. Adams & B. Blades (Eds.), Lithic materials and Paleolithic societies (pp. 232–246). Oxford, England: Blackwell.
Holmstrup, P., Poulsen, A. H., Andersen, L., Skuldbøl, T., & Fiehn, N. E. (2003). Oral infections and systemic diseases. Dental Clinics of North America, 47, 575–598.
Johnson, S. A., Spiller, P. A., & Faull, C. M. (1997). Treatment of resistant pain in hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy with subcutaneous octreotide. Thorax, 52, 298–299.
Jones, E. L. (2007). Subsistence change, landscape use, and changing site elevation at the Pleistocene–Holocene transition in the Dordogne of southwestern France. Journal of Archaeological Science, 34, 344–353.
King, R. W. (2011). Osteomyelitis in emergency medicine. eMedicine. Retrieved June 3, 2012, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/785020-overview#a0101
Krause, J., Lalueza-Fox, C., Orlando, L., Enard, W., Green, R. E., Burbano, H. A., et al. (2007). The derived FOXP2 variant of modern humans was shared with Neandertals. Current Biology, 17, 1908–1912.
Kuhn, S. L., & Stiner, M. C. (2006). What’s a mother to do? The division of labor between Neandertals and modern humans in Eurasia [and comments and reply]. Current Anthropology, 47, 953–980.
Kuhn, S. L., & Stiner, M. C. (2007). Paleolithic ornaments: Implications for cognition, demography and identity. Diogenes, 54, 40–48.
Lalueza-Fox, C., Rosas, A., Estalrrich, A., Gigli, E., Campos, P. F., García-Tabernero, A., et al. (2011). Genetic evidence for patrilocal mating behavior among Neandertal groups. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 250–253.
Lebel, S., & Trinkaus, E. (2002). Middle Pleistocene human remains from the Bau de l’Aubesier. Journal of Human Evolution, 43, 659–685.
Lebel, S., Trinkaus, E., Faure, M., Fernandez, P., Guérin, C., Richter, D., et al. (2001). Comparative morphology and paleobiology of Middle Pleistocene human remains from the Bau de l’Aubesier, Vaucluse, France. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 11097–11102.
Lee, J. S., Weyant, R. J., Corby, P., Kritchevsky, S. B., Harris, T. B., Rooks, R., et al. (2004). Edentulism and nutritional status in a biracial sample of well-functioning, community-dwelling elderly: The health, aging, and body composition study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79, 295–302.
Lock, T. R., Schaffer, J. J., & Manoli, A. (1987). Maisonneuve fracture: Case report of a missed diagnosis. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 16, 805–807.
Marean, C. W., and Assefa, Z. (1999). Zooarcheological evidence for the faunal exploitation behavior of Neandertals and early modern humans. Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews, 8, 22–37.
Marieb, E. N. (1991). Essentials of human anatomy and physiology (3rd ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.
Maureille, B., & Van Peer, P. (1998). Une donnée peu connue sur la sépulture du premier adulte de la Ferrassie (Savignac-de-Miremont, Dordogne). Paléo, 10, 291–301.
McBrearty, S., & Brooks, A. S. (2000). The revolution that wasn’t: A new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior. Journal of Human Evolution, 39, 453–563.
Mellars, P. (2010). Neanderthal symbolism and ornament manufacture: The bursting of a bubble? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 20147–20148.
Mitra, S. R., Gurjar, S. G., & Mitra, K. R. (1996). Degenerative disease of the thoracic spine in central India. Spinal Cord, 34, 333–337.
Morgan, A., & Yates, A. K. (1966). The diagnosis of acute osteomyelitis of the pelvis. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 42, 74–78.
Naudé, M., & Lindeque, B. G. P. (2004). Avulsion fractures of the pelvis. South African Journal of Sports Medicine, 15, 18–24.
Nowjack-Raymer, R. E., & Sheiham, A. (2003). Association of edentulism and diet and nutrition in US adults. Journal of Dental Research, 82, 123–126.
Ogilvie, M. D., Curran, B. K., & Trinkaus, E. (1989). Incidence and patterning of dental enamel hypoplasia among the Neandertals. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 79, 25–41.
Pankovich, A. M. (1976). Maisonneuve fracture of the fibula. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (America), 58, 337–342.
Pearce, E., Stringer, C., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2013). New insights into differences in brain organization between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 280, 20130168.
Pereira, L. J., Duarte Gaviao, M. B., & Van Der Bilt, A. (2006). Influence of oral characteristics and food products on masticatory function. Acta Odontologica, 64, 193–201.
Peresani, M., Fiore, I., Gala, M., Romandini, M., & Tagliacozzo, A. (2011). Late Neandertals and the intentional removal of feathers as evidenced from bird bone taphonomy at Fumane Cave 44 ky BP, Italy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 3888–3893.
Pettitt, P. B. (2000). Neanderthal lifecycles: Developmental and social phases in the lives of the last archaics. World Archaeology, 31, 351–366.
Pettitt, P. (2002). The Neanderthal dead: exploring mortuary variability in Middle Palaeolithic Eurasia. Before Farming, 1, 1–26.
Pettitt, P. (2011). The Palaeolithic origins of human burial. London: Routledge.
Prüfer, K., Racimo, F., Patterson, N., Jay, F., Sankararaman, S., Sawyer, S., et al. (2014). The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains. Nature, 505(7481), 43–49.
Rand, N., Mosheiff, R., Matan, Y., Porat, S., Shapiro, M., & Liebergall, M. (1993). Osteomyelitis of the pelvis. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 75, 731–733.
Ready, E. (2010). Neandertal man the hunter: A history of Neandertal subsistence. vis-à-vis: Explorations in Anthropology, 10, 58–80.
Rendu, W., Beauval, C., Crevecoeur, I., Bayle, P., Balzeau, A., Bismuth, T., et al. (2014). Evidence supporting an intentional Neandertal burial at La Chapelle-aux-Saints. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, 81–86.
Riel-Salvatore, J., & Clark, G. A. (2001). Middle and early Upper Paleolithic burials and the use of chronotypology in contemporary Paleolithic research. Current Anthropology, 42, 449–479.
Roberts, C. S., Siegal, M. S., Mikhail, A. D., & Botsford, J. (1993). Case report 808. Skeletal Radiology, 22, 536–538.
Rodríguez-Vidal, J., d’Errico, F., Pacheco, F. G., Blasco, R., Rosell, J., Jennings, R. P., et al. (2014). A rock engraving made by Neanderthals in Gibraltar. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, 13301–13306.
Rots, V. (2013). Insights into early Middle Palaeolithic tool use and hafting in Western Europe. The functional analysis of level IIa of the early Middle Palaeolithic site of Biache-Saint-Vaast (France). Journal of Archaeological Science, 40, 497–506.
Ruff, C. B. (1993). Climatic adaptation and hominid evolution: The thermoregulatory imperative. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 2, 53–60.
Russell, M. D. (1987). Mortuary practices at the Krapina Neandertal site. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 72, 381–397.
Salazar-García, D. C., Power, R. C., Serra, A. S., Villaverde, V., Walker, M. J., & Henry, A. G. (2013). Neanderthal diets in central and southeastern Mediterranean Iberia. Quaternary International, 318, 3–18.
Sandgathe, D. M., Dibble, H. L., Goldberg, P., McPherron, S. P., Turq, A., Niven, L., et al. (2011). On the role of fire in Neandertal adaptations in Western Europe: Evidence from Pech de l’Azé IV and Roc de Marsal, France. PaleoAnthropology, 2011, 216–242.
Schultz, M. (2006). Der Neandertaler aus der Kleinen Feldhofer Grotte—Versuch eine Rekonstruktion seines Geshundheitsstatus. Neanderthal, 2006, 277–318.
Scillia, A., Cox, G., Milman, E., Kaushik, A., & Strongwater, A. (2010). Primary osteomyelitis of the acetabulum resulting in septic arthritis of the hip and obturator internus abscess diagnosed as acute appendicitis. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 45, 1707–1710.
Solecki, R. S. (1971). Shanidar: The first flower people. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Stiner, M. C., & Kuhn, S. L. (2009). Paleolithic diet and the division of labor in Mediterranean Eurasia. In J. J. Hublin & M. P. Richards (Eds.), The evolution of Hominin diets: Integrating approaches to the study of Palaeolithic subsistence (pp. 157–169). New York: Springer.
Straus, W. L., Jr., & Cave, A. J. (1957). Pathology and the posture of Neanderthal man. Quarterly Review of Biology, 32, 348–363.
Tappen, N. C. (1985). The dentition of the ‘Old Man’ of La Chapelle aux Saints and inferences concerning Neandertal behavior. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 67, 43–50.
Tennant, F. (2004). Complications of uncontrolled, persistent pain. Practical Pain Management, 4, 11–17. Retrieved August 1, 2011, from http://www.practicalpainmanagement.com/pain/other/co-morbidities/complications-uncontrolled-persistent-pain
Texier, J.-P., & Bertran, P. (1995). Les dépôts du site Moustérien de Combe-Capelle Bas (Dordogne): Leur signification dynamique et paléoenvironnementale. Paléo, 7, 27–48.
Trinkaus, E. (1985). Pathology and posture of the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neandertal. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 67, 19–41.
Trinkaus, E. (1995). Neanderthal mortality patterns. Journal of Archaeological Science, 22, 121–142.
Trinkaus, E. (2007). Les Néandertaliens. Biologie et cultures (Documents préhistoriques 23, pp. 131–137). Paris: Éditions du CTHS.
Trinkaus, E. (2011a). Late Pleistocene adult mortality patterns and modern human establishment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 1267–1271.
Trinkaus, E. (2011b). The postcranial dimensions of the La Chapelle‐aux-Saints 1 Neandertal. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 145, 461–468.
Trinkaus, E. (2012). Neandertals, early modern humans, and rodeo riders. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39, 3691–3693.
Trinkaus, E., & Zimmerman, M. R. (1982). Trauma among the Shanidar Neandertals. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 57, 61–76.
Turq, A., Roebroeks, W., Bourguignon, L., & Faivre, J. P. (2013). The fragmented character of Middle Palaeolithic stone tool technology. Journal of Human Evolution, 65, 641–655.
Underdown, S. (2004, April). Freezing, fighting and falling: An exploration of trauma causality in the Neanderthals, Fuegians, Eskimo and Aleut. Presentation given at the seventy-third annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Tampa, FL.
Vaquero, M., Vallverdú, J., Rosell, J., Pastó, I., & Allué, E. (2001). Neandertal behavior at the middle Palaeolithic site of Abric Romani, Capellades, Spain. Journal of Field Archaeology, 28, 93–114.
Villa, P., & Roebroeks, W. (2014). Neandertal demise: An archaeological analysis of the modern human superiority complex. PLoS One, 9(4), e96424.
Wadley, L. (2011). Complex cognition required for compound adhesive manufacture in the Middle Stone Age implies symbolic manufacture. In C. S. Henshilwood & F. d’Errico (Eds.), Homo symbolicus: The dawn of language, imagination and spirituality (pp. 97–110). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Watkins, L. R., & Maier, S. F. (1999). Implications of immune-to-brain communication for sickness and pain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 7710–7713.
Wayne, D. B., Trajtenberg, C. P., & Hyman, D. J. (2001). Tooth and periodontal disease: A review for the primary-care physician. Southern Medical Journal, 94, 925–932.
Windsor, R. E. (2010). Cervical disc injuries. eMedicine. Retrieved January 7, 2011, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/93635
Wynn, T., & Coolidge, F. L. (2004). The expert Neandertal mind. Journal of Human Evolution, 46, 467–487.
Wynn, T., & Coolidge, F. L. (2008). A stone-age meeting of minds. American Scientist, 96, 44–51.
Wynn, T., & Coolidge, F. L. (2012). How to think like a Neandertal. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Yeargan, S. A., Perry, J. J., Kane, T. J., & Richardson, A. B. (2003). Hematogenous septic arthritis of the adult hip. Orthopedics, 26, 771–776.
Zilhão, J. (2007). The emergence of ornaments and art: An archaeological perspective on the origins of “behavioral modernity”. Journal of Archaeological Research, 15, 1–54.
Zilhão, J. (2011). The emergence of language, art and symbolic thinking: A Neandertal test of competing hypotheses. In C. S. Henshilwood & F. d’Errico (Eds.), Homo symbolicus: The dawn of language, imagination and spirituality (pp. 111–131). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Zilhão, J., Angelucci, D. E., Badal-García, E., d’Errico, F., Daniel, F., Dayet, L., Douka, A., Higham, T.F.G, matinez Sanchez, M.J. and eight others. (2010). Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 1023–1028.
Zollikofer, C. P. E., Ponce de Leon, M. S., Vandermeersch, B., & Lévêque, F. (2002). Evidence for interpersonal violence in the St. Césaire Neanderthal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, 6444–6448.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tilley, L. (2015). Care Among the Neandertals: La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 and La Ferrassie 1 (Case Study 2). In: Theory and Practice in the Bioarchaeology of Care. Bioarchaeology and Social Theory. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18860-7_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18860-7_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-18859-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-18860-7
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)