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Neurovascular Cognitive Alterations: Implication of Brain Renin–Angiotensin System

Therapeutic Opportunities and Risk Factors

  • Chapter
Psychiatry and Neuroscience Update

Abstract

The neurovascular unit which comprises the microenvironment within small blood vessels in the brain parenchyma is responsible for the maintenance of normal neuronal function by a continuous supply of nutrients. Inflammatory processes and loss of brain–blood-barrier (BBB) integrity can lead to vascular dysfunction and pathological interactions between microvasculature, neurons, and astrocytes. These events have been closely related to the development of brain disorders such as cognitive decline, supported by numerous studies using hypertension animal models. There is a large body of evidence showing the implication of circulating and local renin angiotensin system in cerebral microvasculature function. Angiotensin II, trough AT1 receptor activation, has been related to elevated reactive oxygen species production, endothelial dysfunction, elevated permeability, inflammatory events, and vascular structure alterations. The angiotensin receptor blockers, used in antihypertensive treatments, are an important pharmacologic tool with neuroprotective effects because they can modify vascular damage and improve cognitive alterations. The development of vascular diseases can be influenced and promoted by external factors such as stress and drug abuse. Stress is related to induction of structural changes in arteries and cytokine production leading to endothelial damage and inflammation. It is known that psychostimulants have cardiovascular stimulant effects that can promote cerebral vasculitis and intracranial hemorrhage by direct and indirect mechanisms on the vasculature. The brain renin–angiotensin system is becoming an interesting new therapeutic target for vascular and related cognitive disorders.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina

    Natalia Andrea Marchese Ph.D. & Claudia Bregonzio Ph.D.

  2. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina

    Natalia Andrea Marchese Ph.D. & Claudia Bregonzio Ph.D.

  3. Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

    Brenda Solange Casarsa & Gustavo C. Baiardi Ph.D.

  4. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

    Brenda Solange Casarsa & Gustavo C. Baiardi Ph.D.

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  1. Natalia Andrea Marchese Ph.D.
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  2. Brenda Solange Casarsa
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  3. Gustavo C. Baiardi Ph.D.
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  4. Claudia Bregonzio Ph.D.
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  1. Guaymallen Mendoza, Argentina

    Pascual Ángel Gargiulo

  2. Member of the Council of the Institute of Neurobiology (Buenos Aires); Member of the Board of Certification, National Academy of Medicine (Argentina), Psychiatrist by University Complutense of Madrid and University of Buenos Aires; Former Director of National Institute of Mental Health (Argentina), Cuyo, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Humberto Luis Mesones Arroyo

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Marchese, N.A., Casarsa, B.S., Baiardi, G.C., Bregonzio, C. (2015). Neurovascular Cognitive Alterations: Implication of Brain Renin–Angiotensin System. In: Gargiulo, P., Arroyo, H. (eds) Psychiatry and Neuroscience Update. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17103-6_9

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