Skip to main content

Photorealistic Face De-Identification by Aggregating Donors’ Face Components

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Computer Vision -- ACCV 2014 (ACCV 2014)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNIP,volume 9005))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

With the adoption of pervasive surveillance systems and the development of efficient automatic face matchers, the question of preserving privacy becomes paramount. In this context, automated face de-identification is revived. Typical solutions based on eyes masking or pixelization, while commonly used in news broadcasts, produce very unnatural images. More sophisticated solutions were sparingly introduced in the literature, but they fail to account for fundamental constraints such as the visual likeliness of de-identified images. In contrast, we identify essential principles and build upon efficient techniques to derive an automated face de-identification solution meeting our predefined criteria. More specifically, our approach relies on a set of face donors from which it can borrow various face components (eyes, chin, etc.). Faces are then de-identified by substituting their own face components with the donors’ ones, in such a way that an automatic face matcher is fooled while the appearance of the generated faces are as close as possible to original faces. Experiments on several datasets validate the approach and show its ability both in terms of privacy preservation and visual quality.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Agrawal, P., Narayanan, P.J.: Person de-identification in videos. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 21(3), 299–310 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ahonen, T., Hadid, A., Pietikainen, M.: Face description with local binary patterns: Application to face recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 28(12), 2037–2041 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Bitouk, D., Kumar, N., Dhillon, S., Belhumeur, P., Nayar, S.K.: Face swapping: automatically replacing faces in photographs. ACM Trans. Graphics (TOG) 27, 39 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Bonnen, K., Klare, B.F., Jain, A.K.: Component-based representation in automated face recognition. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 8(1), 239–253 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Boyle, M., Edwards, C., Greenberg, S.: The effects of filtered video on awareness and privacy. In: ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, New York, USA, pp. 1–10 (December 2000)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Cavedon, L., Foschini, L., Vigna, G.: Getting the face behind the squares: Reconstructing pixelized video streams. In: Proceedings of the 5th USENIX Conference on Offensive Technologies, WOOT 2011, p.5. USENIX Association, Berkeley (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Cootes, T.F., Edwards, G.J., Taylor, C.J., et al.: Active appearance models. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 23(6), 681–685 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Crowley, J.L., Coutaz, J., Bérard, F.: Perceptual user interfaces: things that see. Commun. ACM 43(3), 54–60 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Driessen, B., Dürmuth, M.: Achieving anonymity against major face recognition algorithms. In: De Decker, B., Dittmann, J., Kraetzer, C., Vielhauer, C. (eds.) CMS 2013. LNCS, vol. 8099, pp. 18–33. Springer, Heidelberg (2013)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  10. Dufaux, F., Ebrahimi, T.: A framework for the validation of privacy protection solutions in video surveillance. In: IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), pp. 66–71 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Efros, A.A., Freeman, W.T.: Image quilting for texture synthesis and transfer. In: Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, pp. 341–346 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Gross, R., Sweeney, L., De la Torre, F., Baker, S.: Semi-supervised learning of multi-factor models for face de-identification. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 1–8 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Gross, R., Matthews, I., Cohn, J., Kanade, T., Baker, S.: Multi-pie. Image Vis. Comput. 28(5), 807–813 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Hassner, T.: Viewing real-world faces in 3d. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 3607–3614 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Huang, G.B., Ramesh, M., Berg, T., Learned-Miller, E.: Labeled faces in the wild: A database for studying face recognition in unconstrained environments. Tech. Rep. 07–49, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (October 2007)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hudson, S.E., Smith, I.: Techniques for addressing fundamental privacy and disruption tradeoffs in awareness support systems. In: ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, New York, USA, pp. 248–257 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Kasinski, A., Florek, A., Schmidt, A.: The put face database. Image Proc. Commun. 13(3–4), 59–64 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Lander, K., Bruce, V., Hill, H.: Evaluating the effectiveness of pixelation and blurring on masking the identity of familiar faces. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 15(1), 101–116 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Lin, Y., Lin, Q., Tang, F., Wang, S.: Face replacement with large-pose differences. In: ACM International Conference on Multimedia, pp. 1249–1250. ACM, New York (October 2012)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Matthews, I., Xiao, J., Baker, S.: 2d vs. 3d deformable face models: Representational power, construction, and real-time fitting. Int. J. Comput. Vision 75(1), 93–113 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Milborrow, S., Morkel, J., Nicolls, F.: The muct landmarked face database. Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Mohammed, U., Prince, S.J., Kautz, J.: Visio-lization: generating novel facial images. ACM Trans. Graphics (TOG) 28, 57 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Newton, E.M., Sweeney, L., Malin, B.: Preserving privacy by de-identifying face images. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 17(2), 232–243 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Nguyen, H.V., Bai, L.: Cosine similarity metric learning for face verification. In: Kimmel, R., Klette, R., Sugimoto, A. (eds.) ACCV 2010, Part II. LNCS, vol. 6493, pp. 709–720. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg (2011)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  25. Pérez, P., Gangnet, M., Blake, A.: Poisson image editing. ACM Trans. Graphics (TOG) 22, 313–318 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Smith, B.M., Zhang, L., Brandt, J., Lin, Z., Yang, J.: Exemplar-based face parsing. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 3484–3491 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Taigman, Y., Yang, M., Ranzato, M., Wolf, L.: Deepface: Closing the gap to human-level performance in face verification. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Yang, C.Y., Liu, S., Yang, M.H.: Structured face hallucination. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 1099–1106 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Zhao, Q.A., Stasko, J.T.: Evaluating image filtering based techniques in media space applications. In: ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, New York, USA, pp. 11–18(November 1998)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Zhu, J., Van Gool, L., Hoi, S.C.: Unsupervised face alignment by robust nonrigid mapping. In: IEEE 12th International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 1265–1272. IEEE (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Zhu, X., Ramanan, D.: Face detection, pose estimation, and landmark localization in the wild. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 2879–2886 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was partly supported by the ANR-SECULAR project.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Saleh Mosaddegh .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this paper

Cite this paper

Mosaddegh, S., Simon, L., Jurie, F. (2015). Photorealistic Face De-Identification by Aggregating Donors’ Face Components. In: Cremers, D., Reid, I., Saito, H., Yang, MH. (eds) Computer Vision -- ACCV 2014. ACCV 2014. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 9005. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16811-1_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16811-1_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-16810-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-16811-1

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics