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Type II Cells as Progenitors in Alveolar Repair

  • Chapter
Lung Stem Cells in the Epithelium and Vasculature

Part of the book series: Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine ((STEMCELL))

Abstract

The alveolar epithelium is composed of type I and type II cells. Flat squamous type I cells comprise 95 % of the alveoli surface area and play essential roles in mediating the gas exchange. Cuboidal type II cells occupy only 5 % of the area but have multiple functions including secreting surfactant, transporting ion and fluid, and modulating immunity. Type II cells also function as progenitor cells by self-renewal and differentiating into type I cells to maintain the alveoli cell homeostasis or to induce lung repair. This chapter focuses on the progenitor cell properties of alveolar type II cells in the adult lungs. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that type II cells can behave as alveolar stem cells and play important roles in the repair of various types of lung injury. Some subgroups of type II cells may play more active roles in the repair by displaying higher potential for proliferation and transition from type II to type I cells. The initiation of the repairing program by type II cells depends on the changing microenvironment in response to injuries. Several signaling pathways and molecules involved in the type II cell repair programs are discussed.

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Abbreviations

BASC:

Bronchioalveolar stem cells

BMP4:

Bone morphogenic protein 4

CC10:

Club Cell 10 kDa protein

EGFR:

Epidermal growth factor receptor

Elf5:

E74-like factor 5

Erm:

Ets-related molecule

FGF:

Fibroblast growth factor

FoxM1:

Forkhead box protein M1

GATA6:

GATA binding protein 6

GFP:

Green fluorescent protein

HGF:

Hepatocyte growth factor

Id2:

Inhibitor of DNA binding 2

IGF:

Insulin-like growth factor

IL-6/8/10:

Interleukin 6/8/10

iPS:

Induced pluripotent stem cells

KGF:

Keratinocyte growth factor

MEF:

Mouse embryonic fibroblast

MMP14:

Matrix metalloproteinase 14

PDGF:

Platelet-derived growth factor

SPA/B/C/D:

Surfactant protein A/B/C/D

TGFβ:

Transforming growth factor beta

Wnt:

Wingless protein

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Acknowledgements

I am grateful to the grant support from National Institutes of Health (HL105947-01 to YL), and I thank Dr. Varsha Suresh Kumar for providing images.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA

    Yuru Liu Ph.D.

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  1. Yuru Liu Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Yuru Liu Ph.D. .

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  1. Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA

    Amy Firth

  2. Department of Medicine, The Univsersity of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

    Jason X.-J. Yuan

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Liu, Y. (2015). Type II Cells as Progenitors in Alveolar Repair. In: Firth, A., Yuan, JJ. (eds) Lung Stem Cells in the Epithelium and Vasculature. Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16232-4_2

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