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The Role of Stem Cells in Vascular Remodeling in CTEPH

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Lung Stem Cells in the Epithelium and Vasculature

Part of the book series: Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine ((STEMCELL))

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Abstract

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension or CTEPH is a serious complication of a venous embolism that fails to resolve. Its persistence leads to a complete blockade of the pulmonary artery and development of severe pulmonary hypertension. Mutations in fibrinogen that lead to a resistance to fibrinolysis are one explanation for the prolonged existence of the clot. It is thought that the fibrotic clot provides a unique micro-environmental niche that attracts stem and progenitor cells exacerbating the associated pulmonary vascular remodeling. This chapter focuses on what is currently known about the presence and role of such stem and progenitor cells in the pathogenesis of CTEPH.

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Abbreviations

BM-MSC:

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell

CD11b:

Cluster of differentiation factor 11b; aka integrin alpha m

CD14:

Cluster of differentiation factor 14

CD19:

Cluster of differentiation factor 19; aka B-Lymphocyte antigen

CD34:

Cluster of differentiation factor 34

CD45:

Cluster of differentiation factor 45; aka lymphochyte common antigen

CD73:

Cluster of differentiation factor 73; aka 5′-nucleotidase

CD79α:

Cluster of differentiation factor 79alpha; aka B-cell antigen receptor complex-associated protein alpha chain and MB-1 membrane glycoprotein

CD90:

Cluster of differentiation factor 90; aka Thy-1

CD105:

Cluster of differentiation factor 105; aka Endoglin

CFU:

Colony-forming unit

CTEPH:

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension

EnMT:

Endothelial to mesenchymal transition

EPC:

Endothelial progenitor cell

eNOS:

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase

EPC:

Endothelial progenitor cells

HLA-DR:

MHC class II cell surface receptor encoded by the human leukocyte antigen complex

HMGB1:

High-mobility group protein B1

HO:

Hemeoxygenase

MAPC:

Multipotent adult progenitor cells

MCT:

Monocrotaline

miRNA:

Micro ribonucleic acid

MSC:

Mesenchymal stem cell

MSC-MV:

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived micro vesicle

PAE:

Pulmonary endarterectomy

PAH:

Pulmonary arterial hypertension

PE:

Pulmonary embolism

PVR:

Pulmonary vascular resistance

RAGE:

Receptor for advanced glycation end products

SMC:

Smooth muscle cells

TGFβ:

Transforming growth factor beta

UTR:

Untranslated region

VEGF-R2:

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2

vWF:

von Willebrand factor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA

    Amy L. Firth

  2. Department of Medicine, Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

    Jason X.-J. Yuan

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  1. Amy L. Firth
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  2. Jason X.-J. Yuan
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Correspondence to Amy L. Firth .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA

    Amy Firth

  2. Department of Medicine, The Univsersity of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

    Jason X.-J. Yuan

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Firth, A.L., Yuan, J.XJ. (2015). The Role of Stem Cells in Vascular Remodeling in CTEPH. In: Firth, A., Yuan, JJ. (eds) Lung Stem Cells in the Epithelium and Vasculature. Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16232-4_15

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