Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Future Strategies for the Treatment of Depression

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Herbal Medicine in Depression

Abstract

Despite almost 60 years of intensive research, depression still constitutes a huge economic and social burden worldwide. The reasons which led to this scenario as well as the strategies to overcome it are pointed out by several researchers from different fields of neuroscience and psychiatry: (1) low bioavailability and inefficacy of the current antidepressant drugs and the need for effective drug delivery systems, (2) the lack of appropriate biomarkers and the lack of a comprehensive knowledge of the genetic factors involved in the predisposition of depression, (3) the lack of suitable animal models to study treatment-resistant depression, and (4) the urgent need for a personalized medicine to treat depression patients.

This chapter aims, thus, at thinking about what we have learned from the past, what failed, and what has been achieved, in order to rethink the treatment of depression for the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adamec R, Bartoszyk GD, Burton P. Effects of systemic injections of vilazodone, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and serotonin 1 A receptor agonist, on anxiety induced by predator stress in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004;504:65–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Agin HV. Tranylcypromine in depression: a clinical report. Am J Psychiatr. 1960;117:150–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alda M. Lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorder: pharmacology and pharmacogenetics. Mol Psychiatry. 2015;20:661–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aldridge M, Oakley N. Side-effects of tranylcypromine. Lancet. 1961;278:932.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez E, Perez V, Dragheim M, Loft H, Artigas F. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, active reference study of Lu AA21004 in patients with major depressive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012;15:589–600.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Artigas F. Selective serotonin/noradrenal reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). CNS Drugs. 1995;4:79–89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azima H. Imipramine (Tofranil): a new drug for the depressed. Can Med Assoc J. 1959;80:535–40.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Azima H, Vispo RH. Imipramine; a potent new anti-depressant compound. Am J Psychiatr. 1958;115:245–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin DS, Loft H, Florea I. Lu AA21004, a multimodal psychotropic agent, in the prevention of relapse in adult patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;27:197–207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Banasr M, Soumier A, Hery M, Mocaër E, Daszuta A. Agomelatine, a new antidepressant, induces regional changes in hippocampal neurogenesis. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59:1087–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barden N, Shink E, Labbé M, Vacher R, Rochford J, Mocaër E. Antidepressant action of agomelatine (S 20098) in a transgenic mouse model. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2005;29:908–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barsa JA, Sauders JC. Amitriptyline (Elavil), a new antidepressant. Am J Psychiatr. 1961;117:739–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartoszyk GD, Hegenbart R, Ziegler H. EMD 68843, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor with selective presynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptor agonistic properties. Eur J Pharmacol. 1997;322:147–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benkert O, Laakmann G, Ott L, Strauss A, Zimmer R. Effect of zimelidine (H 102/09) in depressive patients. Arzneimittelforschung. 1977;27:2421–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bertaina-Anglade V, Drieu La Rochelle C, Boyer PA, Mocaër E. Antidepressant-like effects of agomelatine (S 20098) in the learned helplessness model. Behav Pharmacol. 2006;17:703–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bertelsen A, Harvald B, Hauge M. A Danish twin study of manic-depressive disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 1977;130:330–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bień E, Gruca P, Galoch Z, Papp M. Evidence for antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like activities of melatonin and agomelatine in animal models. Pharmacol Rep. 2002;54:185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bierut L, Heath AC, Bucholz KK, et al. Major depressive disorder in a community-based twin sample: are there different genetic and environmental contributions for men and women? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:557–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bijl MJ, Luijendijk HJ, van den Berg JF, Visser LE, van Schaik RHN, Hofman A, Vulto AG, van Gelder T, Tiemeier H, Stricker BH. Association between the CYP2D6*4 polymorphism and depression or anxiety in the elderly. Pharmacogenomics. 2009;10:541–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blanchinet J, Léger JM, Vallat JN. Use of clomipramine in the treatment of depressive states. Bord Med. 1970;3:1163–4. passim.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bourin M, Mocaër E, Porsolt R. Antidepressant-like activity of S 20098 (agomelatine) in the forced swimming test in rodents: involvement of melatonin and serotonin receptors. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2004;29:126–33.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bymaster FP, Dreshfield-Ahmad LJ, Threlkeld PG, Shaw JL, Thompson L, Nelson DL, Hemrick-Luecke SK, Wong DT. Comparative affinity of duloxetine and venlafaxine for serotonin and norepinephrine transporters in vitro and in vivo, human serotonin receptor subtypes, and other neuronal receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001;25:871–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cade JF. Lithium salts in the treatment of psychotic excitement. Med J Aust. 1949;2:349–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cantu TG, Korek JS, Romanoski AJ. Focus on venlafaxine: a new option for the treatment of depression. Hosp Formul. 1994;29:25–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlsson A, Corrodi H, Fuxe K, Hökfelt T. Effect of antidepressant drugs on the depletion of intraneuronal brain 5-hydroxytryptamine stores caused by 4-methyl-ϵ-ethyl-metatyramine. Eur J Pharmacol. 1969;5(4):357–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castaner J, Hopkins SJ. Bupropion. Drugs Future. 1978;3:723–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen AV, Fjalland B, Pedersen V, Danneskiold-Samsøe P, Svendsen O. Pharmacology of a new phthaline (Lu 10-171), with specific 5-HT uptake inhibiting properties. Eur J Pharmacol. 1977;41:153–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cocchiara G, Battaglia R, Pevarello P, Benedetti MS. Comparison of the disposition and of the metabolic pattern of Reboxetine, a new antidepressant, in the rat, dog, monkey and man. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1991;16:231–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper BR, Hester TJ, Maxwell RA. Behavioral and biochemical effects of the antidepressant bupropion (Wellbutrin): evidence for selective blockade of dopamine uptake in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1980;215:127–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Courousse T, Bacq A, Belzung C, Guiard B, Balasse L, Louis F, Le Guisquet AM, Gardier AM, Schinkel AH, Giros B, Gautron S. Brain organic cation transporter 2 controls response and vulnerability to stress and GSK3βsignaling. Mol Psychiatry. 2015;20:889–900.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox J, Moore G, Evans L. Zimelidine: a new antidepressant? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol. 1978;2:379–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crane GE. Iproniazid (marsilid) phosphate, a therapeutic agent for mental disorders and debilitating diseases. Psychiatr Res Rep. 1957;8:142–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cuijpers P. Personalized treatment for functional outcome in depression. Medicographia. 2014;36:476–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Schuurmans J, van Oppen P, Hollon SD, Andersson G. Psychotherapy for chronic major depression and dysthymia: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30:51–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Da Prada M, Kettler R, Keller HH, Haefely WE. Neurochemical effects in vitro and in vivo of the antidepressant Ro 11-1163, a specific and short-acting MAO-A inhibitor. Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry. 1983;19:231–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • David B, Wolfender J-L, Dias DA. The pharmaceutical industry and natural products: historical status and new trends. Phytochem Rev. 2015;14(2):299–315.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson LA, Watson JM. Vilazodone: a 5-HT1A receptor agonist/serotonin transporter inhibitor for the treatment of affective disorders. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2009;15:107–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Paulis T. Drug evaluation: vilazodone—a combined SSRI and 5-HT1A partial agonist for the treatment of depression. IDrugs. 2007;10:193–201.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Den Boer JA, Bosker FJ, Meesters Y. Clinical efficacy of agomelatine in depression: the evidence. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;21:S21–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dooneief AS, Crane GE. Iproniazid as adjunct in the treatment of debilitated patients with tuberculosis. N Y State J Med. 1957;57:3477–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dostert P, Benedetti MS, Poggesi I. Review of the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of reboxetine, a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1997;7:S23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-977X(97)00417-3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunlop E. Depression: treatment of office patients with phenelzine (nardil). R I Med J. 1959;42:656–7. passim.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dutta A, McKie S, Deakin JFW. Ketamine and other potential glutamate antidepressants. Psychiatry Res. 2015;225:1–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fann WE, Schroeder DH, Mehta NB. Clinical trial of bupropion HCl in treatment of depression. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1978;23:222–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman PE. Psychotherapy and chemotherapy (amitriptyline) of anergic states. Dis Nerv Syst. 1961;22(5Pt 2):27–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferris RM, Beaman OJ, Tang FLM, Russell A. Effects of bupropion, a new antidepressant, on CNS receptors. Pharmacologist. 1981;23(3):125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Findlay JWA, Van Wyck Fleet J, Smith PG, Butz RF, Hinton ML, Blum MR, Schroeder DH. Pharmacokinetics of bupropion, a novel antidepressant agent, following oral administration to healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1981;21:127–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fond G, Macgregor A, Miot S. Nanopsychiatry—the potential role of nanotechnologies in the future of psychiatry: a systematic review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;23:1067–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freed H. On the parenteral use of amitriptyline (ElavilMerck): a preliminary report. Am J Psychiatr. 1960;117:455–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs E, Simon M, Schmelting B. Pharmacology of a new antidepressant: Benefit of the implication of the melatonergic system. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;21:S17–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller RW, Hemrick-Luecke SK, Snoddy HD. Effects of duloxetine, an antidepressant drug candidate, on concentrations of monoamines and their metabolites in rats and mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1994;269:132–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller RW, Perry KW, Molloy BB. Effect of an uptake inhibitor on serotonin metabolism in rat brain: studies with 3-(p-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-n-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine (Lilly 110140). Life Sci. 1974;15:1161–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia X, Escribano E, Colom H, Domenech J, Queralt J. Tricyclic antidepressants-loaded biodegradable plga nanoparticles: in vitro characterization and in vivo analgesic and anti-allodynic effect. Curr Nanosci. 2011;7:345–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein DJ, Mallinckrodt C, Lu Y, Demitrack MA. Duloxetine in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a double-blind clinical trial. J Clin Psychiatr. 2002;63:225–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon MN, Muller CD, Sherman KA, Morgan DG, Azzaro AJ, Wecker L. Oral versus transdermal selegiline: antidepressant-like activity in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1999;63(3):501–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb P, Wandall T, Fredericson Overo K. Initial, clinical trial of a new, specific 5-HT reuptake inhibitor, citalopram (Lu 10-171). Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1980;62:236–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grau M. Moclobemide. Drugs Future. 1983;8:14–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halaris AE, Stern W, Harto-Truax N. Clinical efficacy of the new antidepressant bupropion (Wellbutrin®). Psychopharmacol Bull. 1981;17:140–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton SP. The promise of psychiatric pharmacogenomics. Biol Psychiatry. 2015;77(1):29–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanoun N, Mocaër E, Boyer PA, Hamon M, Lanfumey L. Differential effects of the novel antidepressant agomelatine (S 20098) versus fluoxetine on 5-HT1A receptors in the rat brain. Neuropharmacology. 2004;47:515–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haque S, Md S, Fazil M, Kumar M, Sahni JK, Ali J, Baboota S. Venlafaxine loaded chitosan NPs for brain targeting: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation. Carbohydr Polym. 2012;89:72–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haque S, Md S, Sahni JK, Ali J, Baboota S. Development and evaluation of brain targeted intranasal alginate nanoparticles for treatment of depression. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;48:1–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayley S, Litteljohn D. Neuroplasticity and the next wave of antidepressant strategies. Front Cell Neurosci. 2013;7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyttel J. Neurochemical characterization of a new potent and selective serotonin uptake inhibitor: Lu 10-171. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1977;51:225–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ingelman-Sundberg M, Persson A, Jukic MM. Polymorphic expression of CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 in the developing and adult human brain causing variability in cognition, risk for depression and suicide: the search for the endogenous substrates. Pharmacogenomics. 2014;15(15):1841–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen MJA. Mirtazepine (Remeron®). Pharm Weekbl. 1995;130:355–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaworska A, Malek K. A comparison between adsorption mechanism of tricyclic antidepressants on silver nanoparticles and binding modes on receptors. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy studies. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2014;431:117–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaminsky BM, Bostwick JR, Guthrie SK. Alternate routes of administration of antidepressant and antipsychotic medications. Ann Pharmacother. 2015;49(7):808–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kasahara T, Ishigooka J, Nagata E, Murasaki M, Miura S. Long-lasting inhibition of 5-HT uptake of platelets in subjects treated by duloxetine, a potential antidepressant. Jpn J Psychopharmacol. 1996;16:25–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kasper S, McEwen BS. Neurobiological and clinical effects of the antidepressant tianeptine. CNS Drugs. 2008;22:15–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katona C, Hansen T, Olsen CK. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, duloxetine-referenced, fixed-dose study comparing the efficacy and safety of Lu AA21004 in elderly patients with major depressive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;27:215–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katz RJ, Sibel M. Animal model of depression: tests of three structurally and pharmacologically novel antidepressant compounds. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1982;16:973–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Lj E. The clinical characteristics of major depression as indices of the familial risk to illness. Br J Psychiatry. 1994;165:66–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendler KS, Gardner CO, Prescott CA. Clinical characteristics of major depression that predict risk of depression in relatives. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:322–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendler KS, Kuhn JW, Prescott CA. Childhood sexual abuse, stressful life events and risk for major depression in women. Psychol Med. 2004;34:1475–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendler KS, Prescott CA. A population-based twin study of lifetime major depression in men and women. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:39–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendler KS, Thornton LM, Gardner CO. Stressful life events and previous episodes in the etiology of major depression in women: an evaluation of the “kindling” hypothesis. Am J Psychiatr. 2000;157:1243–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendler KS, Thornton LM, Gardner CO. Genetic risk, number of previous depressive episodes, and stressful life events in predicting onset of major depression. Am J Psychiatr. 2001;158:582–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy SH. Agomelatine: an antidepressant with a novel mechanism of action. Future Neurol. 2007;2:145–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan A. Vilazodone, a novel dual-acting serotonergic antidepressant for managing major depression. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2009;18:1753–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khan A, Fabre LF, Rudolph R. Venlafaxine in depressed outpatients. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1991;27:141–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kihara T, Ikeda M. Effects of duloxetine, a new serotonin and norepinephrine uptake inhibitor, on extracellular monoamine levels in rat frontal cortex. J Pharmacol Exp Therapeut. 1995;272:177–83.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King PD. Phenelzine and ECT in the treatment of depressions. Am J Psychiatr. 1959;116:64–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Korn A, Eichler HG, Fischbach R, Gasic S. Moclobemide, a new reversible MAO inhibitor—interaction with tyramine and tricyclic antidepressants in healthy volunteers and depressive patients. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1986;88:153–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kragh-Sørensen P, Overø KF, Petersen OL, Jensen K, Parnas W. The kinetics of citalopram: single and multiple dose studies in man. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol. 1981;48:53–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn R. The treatment of depressive states with g 22355 (imipramine hydrochloride). Am J Psychiatr. 1958;115:459–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kung S, Li X. The clinical use of pharmacogenomic testing in treatment-resistant depression. Prim Psychiatr. 2010;17:46–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kupfer DJ. Depression and associated sleep disturbances: patient benefits with agomelatine. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006;16:S639–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landgraf R, Wigger A. High vs low anxiety-related behavior rats: an animal model of extremes in trait anxiety. Behav Genet. 2002;32:301–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lapidus KAB, Soleimani L, Murrough JW. Novel glutamatergic drugs for the treatment of mood disorders. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2013;9:1101–12.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen JK, Mikkelsen PL. Moclobemide and clomipramine in the treatment of depression. A randomized clinical trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1984;70:254–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laughren TP, Gobburu J, Temple RJ, Unger EF, Bhattaram A, Dinh PV, Fossom L, Hung HMJ, Klimek V, Lee JE, Levin RL, Lindberg CY, Mathis M, Rosloff BN, Wang SJ, Wang Y, Yang P, Yu B, Zhang H, Zhang L, Zineh I. Vilazodone: clinical basis for the US Food and Drug Administration’s approval of a new antidepressant. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72:1166–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee KC, Chen JJ. Transdermal selegiline for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2007;3:527–37.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann HE, Cahn CH, De Verteuil RL. The treatment of depressive conditions with imipramine (G 22355). Can Psychiatr Assoc J. 1958;3:155–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lemere F. Tranylcypromine (parnate) a new monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Am J Psychiatr. 1960;117:249.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levinson DF. The genetics of depression: a review. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;60:84–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. Age-specific familial risks of depression: a nation-wide epidemiological study from Sweden. J Psychiatr Res. 2008;42:808–14.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Loomer HP, Saunders JC, Kline NS. A clinical and pharmacodynamic evaluation of iproniazid as a psychic energizer. Psychiatr Res Rep. 1957;8:129–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lundquist G. Treatment of endogenous depressions with iproniazid. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1959;34:90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyons MJ, Eisen SA, Goldberg J, et al. A registry-based twin study of depression in men. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:468–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mann AM, Macpherson AS. Clinical experience with imipramine (G22355) in the treatment of depression. Can Psychiatr Assoc J. 1959;4:38–47.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mann JJ, Aarons SF, Wilner PJ, Keilp JG, Sweeney JA, Pearlstein T, Frances AJ, Kocsis JH, Brown RP. A controlled study of the antidepressant efficacy and side effects of (−)-deprenyl. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46:45–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martínez J, Pérez S, Oficialdegui AM, Heras B, Orús L, Villanueva H, Palop JA, Roca J, Mourelle M, Bosch A, Del Castillo JC, Lasheras B, Tordera R, Del Río J, Monge A. New 3-[4-(aryl)piperazin-1-yl]-1-(benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)propane derivatives with dual action at 5-HT1A serotonin receptors and serotonin transporter as a new class of antidepressants. Eur J Med Chem. 2001;36:55–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McEwen BS, Chattarji S, Diamond DM, Jay TM, Reagan LP, Svenningsson P, Fuchs E. The neurobiological properties of tianeptine (Stablon): from monoamine hypothesis to glutamatergic modulation. Mol Psychiatry. 2010;15:237–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McGuffin P, Rijsdijk F, Andrew M, Sham P, Katz R, Cardno A. THe heritability of bipolar affective disorder and the genetic relationship to unipolar depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:497–502.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mealy NE, Bayés M. Vilazodone hydrochloride. Drugs Future. 2004;29:976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mennini T, Mocaer E, Garattini S. Tianeptine, a selective enhancer of serotonin uptake in rat brain. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1987;336:478–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millan MJ, Brocco M, Gobert A, Dekeyne A. Anxiolytic properties of agomelatine, an antidepressant with melatoninergic and serotonergic properties: role of 5-HT2C receptor blockade. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2005;177:1–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millan MJ, Gobert A, Lejeune F, Dekeyne A, Newman-Tancredi A, Pasteau V, Rivet JM, Cussac D. The novel melatonin agonist agomelatine (S20098) is an antagonist at 5-hydroxytryptamine2C receptors, blockade of which enhances the activity of frontocortical dopaminergic and adrenergic pathways. J Pharmacol Exp Therapeut. 2003;306:954–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millan MJ, Goodwin GM, Hamon M, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Ögren SO. 60 years of advances in neuropsychopharmacology for improving brain health, renewed hope for progress. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015a;25:591–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millan MJ, Goodwin GM, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Ove Ögren S. Learning from the past and looking to the future: emerging perspectives for improving the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015b;25:599–656.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mocaer E, Rettori MC, Kamoun A. Pharmacological antidepressive effects and tianeptine-induced 5-HT uptake increase. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1988;11:S32–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery SA, Loft H, Sánchez C, Reines EH, Papp M. Escitalopram (S-enantiomer of citalopram): clinical efficacy and onset of action predicted from a rat model. Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;88:282–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mørk A, Pehrson A, Brennum LT, Møller Nielsen S, Zhong H, Lassen AB, Miller S, Westrich L, Boyle NJ, Sánchez C, Fischer CW, Liebenberg N, Wegener G, Bundgaard C, Hogg S, Bang-Andersen B, Bryan Stensbøl T. Pharmacological effects of Lu AA21004: a novel multimodal compound for the treatment of major depressive disorder. J Pharmacol Exp Therapeut. 2012;340:666–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murck H, Frieboes RM, Antonijevic IA, Steiger A. Distinct temporal pattern of the effects of the combined serotonin-reuptake inhibitor and 5-HT1A agonist EMD 68843 on the sleep EEG in healthy men. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001;155:187–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neuman M. S-1574. Drugs Future. 1979;4:522–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nnadi CU, Goldberg JF, Malhotra AK. Pharmacogenetics in mood disorder. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2005;18:33–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Oruch R, Elderbi MA, Khattab HA, Pryme IF, Lund A. Lithium: a review of pharmacology, clinical uses, and toxicity. Eur J Pharmacol. 2014;740:464–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Overø KF. Preliminary studies of the kinetics of citalopram in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1978;14:69–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Owens MJ, Knight DL, Nemeroff CB. Second-generation SSRIs: human monoamine transporter binding profile of escitalopram and R-fluoxetine. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;50:345–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papp M, Gruca P, Boyer PA, Mocaër E. Effect of agomelatine in the chronic mild stress model of depression in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003;28:694–703.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel K, Padhye S, Nagarsenker M. Duloxetine HCl lipid nanoparticles: preparation, characterization, and dosage form design. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2012;13:125–33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paul GL. Strategy of outcome research in psychotherapy. J Consult Psychol. 1967;31:109–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pento JT. WY-45030. Drugs Future. 1988;13:839–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pierre Olié J, Kasper S. Efficacy of agomelatine, a MT1/MT2 receptor agonist with 5-HT2C antagonistic properties, in major depressive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007;10:661–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pitsikas N. Duloxetine Eli Lilly and Co. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2000;1:116–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pjrek E, Winkler D, Konstantinidis A, Willeit M, Praschak-Rieder N, Kasper S. Agomelatine in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2007;190:575–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porcelli S, Drago A, Fabbri C, Gibiino S, Calati R, Serretti A. Pharmacogenetics of antidepressant response. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2011;36:87–113.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Prakash DJ, ArulKumar S, Sabesan M. Effect of nanohypericum (hypericum perforatum gold nanoparticles) treatment on restraint stressinduced behavioral and biochemical alteration in male albino mice. Pharmacognosy Res. 2010;2:330–4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rees L, Davies B. A controlled trial of phenelzine (“Nardil”) in the treatment of severe depressive illness. J Ment Sci. 1961;107:560–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rickels K, Athanasiou M, Reed C. Vilazodone, a novel, dual-acting antidepressant: current status, future promise and potential for individualized treatment of depression. Pers Med. 2009;6:217–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riva F. FCE-20124. Drugs Future. 1985;10:905–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riva M, Brunello N, Rovescalli AC, Galimberti R, Carfagna N, Carminati P, Pozzi O, Ricciardi S, Roncucci R, Rossi A, Racagni G. Effect of reboxetine, a new antidepressant drug, on the central noradrenergic system: behavioural and biochemical studies. J Drug Dev. 1989;1:243–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez C, Asin KE, Artigas F. Vortioxetine, a novel antidepressant with multimodal activity: review of preclinical and clinical data. Pharmacol Ther. 2015;145:43–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders JC, Roukema RW, Kline NS, Bailey SDA. Clinical results with phenelzine. Am J Psychiatr. 1959;116:71–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schlappi B. The lack of hepatotoxicity in the rat with the new and reversible MAO-A inhibitor moclobemide in contrast to iproniazid. Arzneimittelforschung. 1985;35:800–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schweizer E, Clary C, Weise C, Rickels K. An open-label, dose-finding study of WY-45,030, a novel bicyclic antidepressant. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1988;24:195–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schweizer E, Weise C, Clary C, Fox I, Rickels K. Placebo-controlled trial of venlafaxine for the treatment of major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1991;11:233–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simon GE, Perlis RH. Personalized medicine for depression: can we match patients with treatments? Am J Psychiatr. 2010;167:1445–55.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Siwers B, Ringberger VA, Tuck JR, Sjoqvist F. Initial clinical trial based on biochemical methodology of zimelidine (a serotonin uptake inhibitor) in depressed patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1977;21:194–200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sorbera LA, Castaner RM, Castaner J. Duloxetine oxalate: treatment of stress urinary incontinence antidepressant norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor 5-HT reuptake inhibitor. Drugs Future. 2000;25:907–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorbera LA, Rabasseda X, Silvestre J, Castañer J. Vilazodone hydrochloride. Drugs Future. 2001a;26:247–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorbera LA, Revel L, Martín L, Castañer J. Escitalopram oxalate. Antidepressant, 5-HT reuptake inhibitor. Drugs Future. 2001b;26:115–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soroko FE, Maxwell RA (1978) The CNS pharmacology of bupropion HCl (wellbatrin ®), a novel antidepressant agent. Fed Proc 37:481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soroko FE, Mehta NB, Maxwell RA. Bupropion hydrochloride ((±) α-t-butylamino-3-chloropropiophenone HCl): a novel antidepressant agent. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1977;29:767–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stingl J, Viviani R. Polymorphism in CYP2D6 and CYP2C19, members of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, in the metabolism of psychotropic drugs. J Intern Med. 2015;277:167–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tang J, Slowing II, Huang Y, Trewyn BG, Hu J, Liu H, Lin VSY. Poly(lactic acid)-coated mesoporous silica nanosphere for controlled release of venlafaxine. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2011;360:488–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas Haskins J, Moyer JA, Muth EA, Sigg EB. DMI, Wy-45,030, Wy-45,881 and ciramadol inhibit locus coeruleus neuronal activity. Eur J Pharmacol. 1985;115:139–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thor KB, Katofiasc MA. Effects of duloxetine, a combined serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, on central neural control of lower urinary tract function in the chloralose-anesthetized female cat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995;274:1014–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Treit D, Degroot A, Kashluba S, Bartoszyk GD. Systemic EMD 68843 injections reduce anxiety in the shock-probe, but not the plus-maze test. Eur J Pharmacol. 2001;414:245–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tuma J, Strubbe JH, Mocaër E, Koolhaas JM. Anxiolytic-like action of the antidepressant agomelatine (S 20098) after a social defeat requires the integrity of the SCN. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005;15:545–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uldam HK, Juhl M, Pedersen H, Dalgaard L. Biosynthesis and identification of an N-oxide/N-glucuronide metabolite and first synthesis of an N-O-glucuronide metabolite of Lu AA21004. Drug Metab Dispos. 2011;39:2264–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaisberg M, Saunders JC. Amitriptyline in the treatment of depressive states (a pilot study). Dis Nerv Syst. 1961;22:334–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valverde O, Torrens M. CB1 receptor-deficient mice as a model for depression. Neuroscience. 2012;204:193–206.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Varshosaz J, Zaki MR, Minaiyan M, Banoozadeh J. Preparation, optimization, and screening of the effect of processing variables on agar nanospheres loaded with bupropion HCl by a D-optimal design. BioMed Res Int. 2015;2015: Article ID 571816.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vollmayr B, Bachteler D, Vengeliene V, Gass P, Spanagel R, Henn F. Rats with congenital learned helplessness respond less to sucrose but show no deficits in activity or learning. Behav Brain Res. 2004;150:217–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Volmat R, Allers G, Vittouris N. Clomipramine or anafranil. Apropos of treatment of 100 depressive states. Encéphale. 1968;57:116–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilde MI, Benfield P. Tianeptine: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in depression and coexisting anxiety and depression. Drugs. 1995;49:411–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willner P, Belzung C. Treatment-resistant depression: are animal models of depression fit for purpose? Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2015;232:3473–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong DT. Duloxetine (LY 248686): an inhibitor of serotonin and noradrenaline uptake and an antidepressant drug candidate. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 1998;7:1691–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong DT, Bymaster FP, Horng JS, Molloy BB. 3-(p-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-N-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine (Lilly 110140): a specific inhibitor of serotonin uptake into synaptosomes of rat brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1974;193(3):804–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong DT, Bymaster FP, Mayle DA, Reid LR, Krushinski JH, Robertson DW. LY248686, a new inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine uptake. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1993;8:23–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang C, Shirayama Y, Zhang JC, Ren Q, Yao W, Ma M, Dong C, Hashimoto K. R-ketamine: a rapid-onset and sustained antidepressant without psychotomimetic side effects. Transl Psychiatry. 2015;5:e632.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zitrin A, Thompson DS. EFfects of isonicotinic acid hydrazides on mental status of tuberculous patients. JAMA. 1956;161:204–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zubenko GS, Maher B, Hughes HB, Zubenko WN, Stiffler JS, Kaplan BB, Marazita ML. Genome-wide linkage survey for genetic loci that influence the development of depressive disorders in families with recurrent, early-onset, major depression. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2003;123B:1–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Clara Grosso

Authors
  1. Clara Grosso
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Clara Grosso .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. REQUIMTE/LAQV Lab Pharm Dep Chem Fac Pha, University of Porto, City, Grande Porto, Portugal

    Clara Grosso

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Grosso, C. (2016). Future Strategies for the Treatment of Depression. In: Grosso, C. (eds) Herbal Medicine in Depression. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14021-6_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation