Skip to main content

The Complexity of the Family Business

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Entrepreneurs in Family Business Dynasties

Part of the book series: Management for Professionals ((MANAGPROF))

Abstract

Although there is much discussion and media coverage about family businesses, there appears to be little consensus on the definition of what exactly constitutes a family business. Generally, there is agreement that a family business can be loosely described as one in which family members have ownership or management of the organisation, but experts also agree that family firms cannot be regarded as an homogeneous entity. Traditional definitions tend to be fragmented, each concentrating on a combination of components of a family’s involvement in the family business: ownership, succession, management, and governance. These definitions do not provide clear insight into why these components are relevant, and why family involvement leads to behaviours that differ from nonfamily firms. According to some experts, the most important issue to be addressed in order to develop a theory of the family firm, is how and why family businesses behave and perform differently from a nonfamily firm. Researchers do agree that family businesses are distinct from a nonfamily businesses, although exactly how remains partly unanswered. This chapter outlines the various interpretations of the term ‘family business’, and focuses on aspects of family culture that play an important role in determining the success of a family firm.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anderson, R. C., & Reeb, D. M. (2003). Founding-family ownership and firm performance: Evidence from the S&P 500. Journal of Finance, 58, 1301–1328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson, L., & Hammarstedt, M. (2010). Intergenerational transmissions in immigrant self-employment: Evidence from three generations. Small Business Economics, 34, 261–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Astrachan, J. H., & Jaskiewicz, P. (2008). Emotional returns and emotional costs in privately-held family businesses: Advancing traditional business valuations. Family Business Review, 21(2), 139–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beckhard, R., & Dyer, W. J., Jr. (1983). Managing continuity in the family-owned business. Organisational Dynamics, 12(1), 5–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bjuggren, P., & Sund, L. (2001). Strategic decision making in intergenerational succession of small- and medium-size family-owned businesses. Family Business Review, 14(1), 11–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cabrera-Suárez, K., Saá-Pérez, P., & Garcia-Almeida, D. (2001). The succession process from a resource and knowledge-based view of the family firm. Family Business Review, 14(1), 37–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carney, M. (2005). Corporate governance and competitive advantage in family-controlled firms. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 29(3), 249–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H., & Kellermanns, F. W. (2009). Priorities, resource stocks, and performance in family and nonfamily firms. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 33(3), 739–760.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H., & Litz, R. A. (2003). A unified systems perspective of family firm performance: An extension and integration. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(5), 467–472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H., & Litz, R. A. (2004). Comparing the agency cost of family and non-family firms. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 28(4), 335–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H., & Sharma, P. (2005). Trends and directions in the development of a strategic management theory of the family firms. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 29(5), 555–576.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chrisman, J.J., Kellermanns, F.W., Chan, K.C. & LIano, K. (2010). Intellectual foundations of current research in family business: An identification and review of 25 influential articles. Family Business Review, 23(1), 9–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J., & Steier, L. P. (2003). Extending the theoretical horizons of family business research. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 27(4), 331–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, P. M. (1997). Women in family business. Family Business Review, 10(4), 353–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, P. (1983). Realising the potential of the family business. Organisational Dynamics, 12(1), 47–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, P., & Harveston, P. D. (1998). The influence of family on business succession process: A multigenerational perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 22(3), 31–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, P., & Harveston, P. D. (2001). The phenomenon of substantive conflict in the family firm: A cross-generational study. Journal of Small Business Management, 39(1), 14–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dyer, W. G., Jr. (1986). Cultural change in family firms: Anticipating and managing business and family transitions. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyer, W. G., Jr. (2003). The family: The missing variable in organisational research. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 27(4), 401–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dyer, W. G., Jr. (2006). Examining the “family effect” on family firm performance. Family Business Review, 19(4), 253–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fairlie, R. W., & Robb, A. (2007). Families, human capital, and small business: Evidence from the characteristics of business owners survey. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 60(2), 225–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallo, M. A. (2002). Preparing the next generation: Education. Families in Business, 1(6), 62–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallo, M. A. (2004). The family business and its social responsibilities. Family Business Review, 17(2), 135–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gersick, K., Davis, J. A., McCollom Hampton, M. M., & Lansberg, I. (1997). Generation to generation: Life cycles of the family business. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Hynes, K. T., Núňez-Nickel, M., & Moyano-Fuentes, H. (2007). Socioemotional wealth and business risk in family controlled firms: Evidence from Spanish olive oil mills. Administrative Science Quarterly, 52, 106–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Núňez-Nickel, M., & Gutierrez, I. (2001). The role of family ties in agency contracts. Academy of Management Journal, 44(1), 81–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, G., & Nicholson, N. (2008). Family wars: Classic conflicts in family business and how to deal with them. London: Kogan Page.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grzywacz, J. G., Almeida, D. M., & McDonald, D. A. (2002). Work-family spillover and daily reports at work and family stress in the adult labor force. Family Relations, 62, 336–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habbershon, T. G., & Williams, M. L. (1999). A resource-based framework for assessing the strategic advantages of family firms. Family Business Review, 12(1), 1–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Habbershon, T. G., Williams, M., & MacMillan, I. C. (2003). A unified systems perspective of family firm performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(4), 451–465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, M. A., Melin, L., & Nordqvist, M. (2001). Entrepreneurship as a radical change in the family business: Exploring the role of cultural patterns. Family Business Review, 14(3), 193–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, E. (2011). Entrepreneurial learning in family business: A situated learning perspective. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 18(1), 8–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Handler, W. C. (1989). Managing the family firm succession process: The next generation family member’s experience. PhD thesis, Boston University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Handler, W. C. (1990). Succession in family firms: A mutual role adjustment between entrepreneur and next generation family members. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 15(1), 37–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Handler, W. C. (1992). The succession experience of the next generation. Family Business Review, 5(3), 283–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Handler, W. C. (1994). Succession in family business: A review of the research. Family Business Review, 7(2), 133–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hutcheson, J., Lane, S. H., & Jaffe, D. T. (2003). The family dynasty: Families that want to sustain their wealth over many generations need effective governance structures and aggressive asset building strategies. Financial Planning, 33(8), 56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellermanns, F. W., & Eddleston, K. A. (2004). Feuding families: When conflict does a family firm good. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 28(3), 209–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kets de Vries, M. F. R. (1993). The dynamics of family controlled firms: The good and the bad news. Organisational Dynamics, 21(3), 59–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Labaki, R. (2007). Contribution à la connaissance des liens familiaux dans les enterprises familiares francaises cotées: Reinforcement versus attenuation. Bourdeaux: Université Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambrecht, J., & Donckles, R. (2006). Towards a business family dynasty: A lifelong, continuing process. In P. Z. Poutziouris, K. X. Smyrnios, & S. B. Klein (Eds.), Handbook of research on family business (pp. 388–401). Northampton, MA: Edward Gale Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambrecht, J., & Lievens, J. (2008). Pruning the family tree: An unexplored path to family business continuity and family harmony. Family Business Review, 21(4), 295–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lansberg, I. S. (1983). Managing human resources in family firms. Organisational Dynamics, Summer, 39–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lansberg, I. S. (1999). Succeeding generations: Realising the dream of families in business. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Breton-Miller, I., Miller, D., & Steier, L. P. (2004). Toward an integrative model of effective FOB succession. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 28(4), 305–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. (2006a). Family firm performance: Further evidence. Family Business Review, 19(2), 103–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. (2006b). Impact of family relationships on attitudes of the second generation in family business. Family Business Review, 19(3), 175–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lentz, B. F., & Laband, D. N. (1990). Entrepreneurial success and occupational inheritance among proprietors. Canadian Journal of Economics, 23(3), 563–579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loscocco, K. A. (1997). Work-family linkages among self-employed women and men. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 50, 204–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lubaktin, M. H., Ling, Y., & Schulze, W. S. (2002). Fairness in family firms: Lessons from agency and justice theory. Proceedings: Second Annual Conference: The theories of the family enterprise. Philadelphia: Wharton School of Business.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubaktin, M. H., Schulze, W. S., Ling, Y., & Dino, R. N. (2005). The effects of parental altruism on the governance of family-managed firms. Journal of Organisational Behavior, 26(3), 313–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCollom, M. E. (1990). Problems and prospects in clinical research of family firms. Family Business Review, 3(3), 245–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, D., & Le Breton-Miller, I. (2005). Managing for the long run: Lessons in competitive advantage from great family businesses. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, M. H., Williams, R. O., Allen, J. A., & Avila, R. A. (1997). Correlates of success in family business transitions. Journal of Business Venturing, 12(5), 385–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moyer, S. K., & Chalofsky, N. E. (2008). Understanding the selection and development of life goals of family business owners. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 16(1), 19–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, B. (2003). The succession transition process: A longitudinal perspective. Family Business Review, 16(1), 17–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, D. H. (1988). The circumplex model of family systems VIII: Family assessment and intervention. In D. H. Olson, C. S. Russell, & D. H. Sprenkle (Eds.), Circumplex model: Systemic assessment and treatment of families. New York: Harworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, P. D., Zuiker, V. S., Danes, S. M., Stafford, K., Heck, R. K. Z., & Duncan, K. A. (2003). Impact of family and business on family business sustainability. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(5), 639–666.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, A. W., Carr, J. C., & Shaw, J. C. (2008). Toward a theory of familiness: A social capital perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 32(6), 949–969.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perricone, P., Earl, J. R., & Taplin, I. M. (2001). Patterns of succession and continuity of family-owned businesses: Study of an ethnic community. Family Business Review, 14(2), 105–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogoff, E. G., & Heck, R. K. Z. (2003). Evolving research in entrepreneurship and family business: Recognizing family as the oxygen that feeds the fire of entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(5), 559–566.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Romano, C. A., Tanewski, G. A., & Smyrnios, K. X. (2000). Capital structure decision making: A model for family business. Journal of Business Venturing, 16, 285–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schein, E. H. (1983). The role of the founder in creating organisational culture. Organisational Dynamics, 12(1), 13–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schulze, W. S., Lubaktin, M. H., & Dino, R. N. (2003). Toward a theory of agency and altruism in family firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(4), 473–490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schumpeter, J. A. (2004). Essays on entrepreneurs, innovations, business cycles, and the evolution of capitalism. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanker, M. C., & Astrachan, J. H. (1996). Myths and realities: Family businesses’ contribution to the US economy. Family Business Review, 9(2), 107–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, P. (2006). An overview of the field of family business studies: Current status and directions for the future. In P. Z. Poutziouris, K. X. Smyrnios, & S. B. Klein (Eds.), The handbook of research on family business. Northampton, MA: Elgar Gale.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. J., & Chua, J. H. (1997). Strategic management of the family business: Past research and future challenges. Family Business Review, 10(1), 1–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. J., Pablo, A. L., & Chua, J. H. (2001). Determinants of initial satisfaction with the succession process in family firms: A conceptual model. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 3(1), 17–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, P., & Nordqvist, M. (2008). A classification scheme for family firms: From family values to effective governance to firm performance. In J. Tapies & J. L. Ward (Eds.), Family values and value creation: How do family-owned businesses foster enduring values (pp. 71–101). New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sirmon, D. G., & Hitt, M. A. (2003). Managing resources: Linking unique resources, management, and wealth creation in family firms. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 27(4), 339–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smyrnios, K. X., & Romano, C. A. (1999). The 1999 Australian family business lifestyle audit. Caulfield: Australia Family Business Research Unit, Monash University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smyrnios, K. X., Romano, C. A., Tanewski, G. A., Karofsky, P. I., Millen, R., & Yilmaz, M. R. (2003). Work-family conflict: A study of American and Australian family businesses. Family Business Review, 16(1), 35–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sonfield, M. C., & Lussier, R. N. (2004). First-, second-, and third-generation family firms: A comparison. Family Business Review, 17(3), 189–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song, M. (1999). Helping out: Children’s labor in ethnic businesses. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stafford, K., & Tews, M. J. (2009). Enhancing work–family balance research in family businesses. Family Business Review, 22(3), 235–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tagiuri, R., & Davis, J. A. (1992). On the goals of successful family companies. Family Business Review, 5(1), 43–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tagiuri, R., & Davis, J. A. (1996). Bivalent attributes of the family firm. Family Business Review, 9(2), 199–208. (Reprinted from Bivalent attributes of the family firm, by R. Tagiuri & J. A. Davis, Eds., 1982, Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vilaseca, A. (2002). The shareholder role in the family business: Conflict of interests and objectives between non-employed shareholders and top management team. Family Business Review, 15(4), 299–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, J. L. (1987). Keeping the family business healthy: How to plan for continuing growth, profitability and family leadership. Boston, MA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, J. L. (1988). The special role of strategic planning for family businesses. Family Business Review, 1(2), 105–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, J. L., & Aronoff, C. E. (1994). Preparing successors to be leaders. Nation’s Business, 82, 54–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wortman, M. S. J., Jr. (1994). Theoretical foundations for family-owned businesses: A conceptual and research based paradigm. Family Business Review, 7(1), 3–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zahra, S. A. (2003). International expansion of US manufacturing family businesses: The effect of ownership and involvement. Journal of Business Venturing, 18, 495–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hougaz, L. (2015). The Complexity of the Family Business. In: Entrepreneurs in Family Business Dynasties. Management for Professionals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13918-0_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics