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Remineralizing Nanomaterials for Minimally Invasive Dentistry

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Nanotechnology in Endodontics

Abstract

Modern dentistry advocates early prevention of tooth decay and minimally invasive management of dental caries (minimally invasive dentistry, MID). Remineralization is an important therapeutic method in MID. At the moment, traditional remineralizing agents and methods are not adapted to the requirements of MID. Recent studies indicate that the development of nanomaterials, especially biomimetic ones, as remineralizing agents, provides novel remineralizing strategies for MID. Here, we review the progress of the development of remineralizing nanomaterials for different applications in MID. Some nanomaterials, including calcium fluoride, hydroxyapatite, and amorphous calcium phosphate in nanoscales, are incorporated into restorative materials such as composite resins, glass ionomers, and adhesive systems. These dental materials play a remineralizing role through releasing fluoride calcium and phosphate ions. Other nanomaterials composed of stabilizers and amorphous calcium phosphates (ACP), such as nanocomplexes of casein phosphopeptides (CPP) and ACP, polyacrylic acid (PAA)-ACP, polyaspartic acid (PASP)-ACP, and phosphorylated chitosan (Pchi)-ACP, provide a biomimetic remineralizing strategy by mimicking biomineralization processes, which could de novo form dental hard tissues through nonclassical crystallization pathways. However, it is unpractical to restore small clinically visible cavities with nanomaterials reviewed in this chapter at present. Most of the research covered in this chapter focuses primarily on laboratory tests. Future comprehensive research with respect to clinical applicability is required before employing remineralizing nanomaterials routinely in clinical practices.

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Abbreviations

ACP:

Amorphous calcium phosphates

CaF2 :

Calcium fluoride

CMC:

Carboxymethyl chitosan

CPP:

Casein phosphopeptides

DMP1:

Dentin matrix protein

DPP:

Dentin phosphoprotein also known as DMP2 or phosphophoryn

EDX:

Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

F:

Fluoride

FAP:

Fluorapatite Ca10(PO4)6F2

fβ-TCP:

Funcionalized β-TCP

GTR:

Guided tissue remineralization

HAP:

Hydroxyapatite

IP :

Ionic activity product

K sp :

The solubility product

MID:

Minimally invasive dentistry

NaF:

Sodium fluoride

nano-CaF2 :

CaF2 nanoparticle

NCPs:

Noncollagenous proteins

n-FHA:

Nanofluorohydroxyapatite

n-HAP:

Nano-sized HAP

OCP:

Octacalcium phosphate

PAA:

Polyacrylic acid

PASP:

Polyaspartic acid

Pchi:

Phosphorylated chitosan

PEO:

Ethylene oxide

PILP:

Polymer-induced liquid-precursor

PVPA:

Polyvinylphosphonic acid

R :

Gas constant 8.314 J · K−1 mol−1

S :

Supersaturation

SAED:

Selected area electron diffraction

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

STMP:

Sodium trimetaphosphate

T :

Absolute temperature

TEM:

Transmission electron microscope

TPP:

Sodium tripolyphosphate

β-TCP:

Beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, No. 12 Observatory Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, People’s Republic of China

    Xu Zhang PhD & Yi Wu MSc

  2. Geriatric Dentisty, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China

    Xuliang Deng PhD

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  1. Xu Zhang PhD
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  2. Xuliang Deng PhD
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  3. Yi Wu MSc
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Correspondence to Xu Zhang PhD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Sciences Discipline of Endodontics, University of Toronto Faculty of Dentistry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Anil Kishen

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Zhang, X., Deng, X., Wu, Y. (2015). Remineralizing Nanomaterials for Minimally Invasive Dentistry. In: Kishen, A. (eds) Nanotechnology in Endodontics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13575-5_9

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