Abstract
The conception of law as a means derives from the distinction between law and politics. Politics is here understood as related to community life, not as a way to govern or to use power. In the French language, we have two different words: le politique and la politique. The first one is about common good or common interest, whereas the second refers to the use of power, that is to say the world of politicians. The second definition will be excluded from this study.
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Notes
- 1.
Article 1, para. 3, emphasis added; the preamble of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO) provides that one of the objectives of the Parties to the agreement is “Recognizing that their relations in the field of trade and economic endeavour should be conducted with a view to raising standards of living, ensuring full employment”. The agreement here refers to social rights as a part of human rights and as the aim of the WTO.
- 2.
Article 13, para. 1, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948, Resolution 217 (III).
- 3.
Freund (2004), p. 730.
- 4.
Freund (2004), p. 730.
- 5.
Hayek (1983a), p. 65.
- 6.
Kelsen (1991), p. 12.
- 7.
“L’éclosion des droits privés censés répondre à la fiction de l’état de nature de l’homme opère une disjonction entre leurs titulaires et le corps social dans son ensemble, entre les bénéficiaires de ces droits et leur expression civique. L’articulation entre appartenance et indépendance semble avoir vécu. C’est ce que résume lapidairement Marc Sadoun selon lequel l’État ‘renonce au citoyen pour ne considérer que l’individu’”, Bec (2007), p. 192; she quotes Sadoun (2000), p. 10.
- 8.
Hayek (1983b), p. 104: “It is evident that all these ‘rights’ are based on the interpretation of society as a deliberately made organization by which everybody is employed. They could not be made universal within a system of rules of just conduct based on the conception of individual responsibility, and so require that the whole society be converted into a single organization, that is, made totalitarian in the fullest sense of the word.”
- 9.
“Dans le domaine de la protection sociale […], l’intervention de l’État social tend à se réduire à une production de droits ‘à la subsistance’, ‘au logement’, ‘à la santé’, ‘au travail’, autant de droits distribués au nom de la référence que représentent dès lors les droits de l’homme et en dehors de tout projet politique collectif. Alors, la réponse de l’État ne peut être qu’une réponse juridique, prenant en charge les groupes cibles sur fond de délitement du projet collectif, intégrateur promotionnel antérieur. L’État octroie généreusement une série de droits qu’il a quelque difficulté à rendre effectifs”, Bec (2007), p. 191, italics in the original.
- 10.
Von Ihering (1913), author’s preface, p. liv.
- 11.
Austin (1982).
- 12.
Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948.
- 13.
Benoît-Rohmer (2003), pp. 171–172, emphasis added.
- 14.
Article 4, emphasis added.
- 15.
Article 8, para. 1, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 16 December 1966, Resolution 2200 (XXI), emphasis added.
- 16.
Commaille (2003), p. 480.
- 17.
Freund (2004), p. 728.
- 18.
Preamble (1), Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1984, Resolution 39/46, emphasis added.
- 19.
Preamble (1), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 16 December 1966, Resolution 2200 (XXI).
- 20.
Preamble (4), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 16 December 1966, Resolution 2200 (XXI), emphasis added.
- 21.
The recognition of the Armenian genocide is now a great issue linked to Turkey's potential adhesion to the European Union.
- 22.
Alain Sériaux defines natural law as “un droit objectif, universel et passablement immuable, auquel toute législation humaine doit se conformer si elle veut être juste”, Sériaux (2003), p. 508.
- 23.
“L’absence de dimension politique et collective ampute [les droits sociaux] du pouvoir qui leur était attribué. Ce ne sont pas des droits qui, en compensant les inégalités, en réduisant les écarts, attribuent du pouvoir à ceux qui en manquent; ce sont des droits qui visent le maintien d’un seuil de survie et qui, à ce titre, méritent le qualificatif de ‘droits gestionnaires’”, Bec (2007), p. 194.
- 24.
About equity in international law, see Degan (1999), pp. 89–100.
- 25.
Article 44, para. 3, c, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 23 May 1969, emphasis added.
- 26.
Articles 59, 69, 70, 74, and 83, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 10 December 1982.
- 27.
Article 83, para. 1, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 10 December 1982, emphasis added.
- 28.
ICJ, Judgement, 10 October 2002, The Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria, Cameroon v. Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea intervening, para. 294, emphasis added.
- 29.
Article 15, para. 1, b, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 16 December 1966, Resolution 2200 (XXI).
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Soussan, A. (2015). From Law as a Means to Law as an End: About the Influence of International Human Rights Law on the Structure of International Law Rules. In: Weiß, N., Thouvenin, JM. (eds) The Influence of Human Rights on International Law. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12021-8_1
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