Abstract
Wireless sensor networks (“sensornets”) are highly distributed and concurrent, with program actions bound to external stimuli. They exemplify a system class known as reactive systems, which comprise execution units that have “hidden” layers of control flow. A key obstacle in enabling reactive system developers to rigorously validate their implementations has been the absence of precise software component specifications and tools to assist in leveraging those specifications at runtime. We address this obstacle in three ways: (i) We describe a specification approach tailored for reactive environments and demonstrate its application in the context of sensornets. (ii) We describe the design and implementation of extensions to the popular nesC tool-chain that enable the expression of these specifications and automate the generation of runtime monitors that signal violations, if any. (iii) Finally, we apply the specification approach to a significant collection of the most commonly used software components in the TinyOS distribution and analyze the overhead involved in monitoring their correctness.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abadi, M., Lamport, L.: Composing specifications. TOPLAS 15(1), 73–132 (1993)
Adya, A., et al.: Cooperative task management without manual stack management. In: USENIX 2002, pp. 289–302 (2002)
Archer, W., et al.: Interface contracts for tinyos. In: IPSN 2007, pp. 158–165. ACM Press, New York (2007)
Bucur, D., Kwiatkowska, M.: On software verification for sensor nodes. J. Syst. Softw. 84, 1693–1707 (2011)
Cao, Q., et al.: The liteos operating system: Towards unix-like abstractions for wireless sensor networks. In: IPSN 2008, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 233–244 (2008)
Chandy, K.M., Misra, J.: Parallel Program Design: A Foundation. Addison-Wesley, Reading (1988)
Clarke, E., Kroning, D., Lerda, F.: A tool for checking ansi-c programs. In: Jensen, K., Podelski, A. (eds.) TACAS 2004. LNCS, vol. 2988, pp. 168–176. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Collette, P.: Composition of assumption-commitment specifications in a UNITY style. SCP 23, 107–125 (1994)
Cooprider, N., et al.: Efficient memory safety for tinyos. In: SenSys 2007, pp. 205–218. ACM, New York (2007)
Dalton, A.R., Hallstrom, J.O.: nait: A source analysis and instrumentation framework for nesc. J. Syst. Softw. 82, 1057–1072 (2009)
Dunkels, A., et al.: Contiki - a lightweight and flexible operating system for tiny networked sensors. In: LCN 2004, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 455–462 (2004)
Gay, D., et al.: The nesC language: A holistic approach to networked embedded systems. In: PLDI 2003, pp. 1–11. ACM Press (June 2003)
Hammad, M., Cook, J.: Lightweight monitoring of sensor software. In: SAC 2009, pp. 2180–2185. ACM, New York (2009)
Hill, J., et al.: System architecture directions for networked sensors. In: ASPLOS, pp. 93–104. ACM Press (November 2000)
Jones, C.B.: Tentative steps toward a development method for interfering programs. TOPLAS 5(4), 596–619 (1983)
Khan, M.M.H., et al.: Dustminer: troubleshooting interactive complexity bugs in sensor networks. In: SenSys 2008, pp. 99–112. ACM, New York (2008)
Kothari, N., et al.: Deriving state machines from tinyos programs using symbolic execution. In: IPSN 2008, pp. 271–282. IEEE, Washington, DC (2008)
Kumar, S., et al.: Encapsulating concurrency as an approach to unification. In: SAVCBS 2004, Newport Beach, CA (October 2004)
Lamport, L.: The temporal logic of actions. TOPLAS 16(3), 872–923 (1994)
Lee, I., et al.: A monitoring and checking framework for run-time correctness assurance. In: Proc. Korea-U.S. Tech Conf. Strat. Tech., Vienna, VA (October 1998)
Lewis, C., Whitehead, J.: Runtime repair of software faults using event-driven monitoring. In: ICSE 2010, pp. 275–280. ACM, New York (2010)
Li, P., Regehr, J.: T-check: bug finding for sensor networks. In: IPSN 2010, pp. 174–185. ACM Press, New York (2010)
Meyer, B.: Applying “design by contract”. Computer 25(10), 40–51 (1992)
Peters, D.K., Parnas, D.L.: Requirements-based monitors for real-time systems. SIGSOFT Softw. Eng. Notes 25, 77–85 (2000)
Pike, L., Goodloe, A., Morisset, R., Niller, S.: Copilot: a hard real-time runtime monitor. In: Barringer, H., et al. (eds.) RV 2010. LNCS, vol. 6418, pp. 345–359. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Sasnauskas, R., et al.: Kleenet: discovering insidious interaction bugs in wireless sensor networks before deployment. In: IPSN, New York, NY, pp. 186–196 (2010)
Seshia, S.A.: Autonomic reactive systems via online learning. In: Proc. IEEE ICAC. IEEE Press (June 2007)
Sokolsky, O., et al.: Steering of real-time systems based on monitoring and checking. In: WORDS 1999, p. 11. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC (1999)
Stark, E.W.: A proof technique for rely guarantee properties. In: Maheshwari, S.N. (ed.) FSTTCS 1985. LNCS, vol. 206, pp. 369–391. Springer, Heidelberg (1985)
Sundaram, V., et al.: Efficient diagnostic tracing for wireless sensor networks. In: SenSys 2010, pp. 169–182. ACM, New York (2010)
Yang, J.: Clairvoyant: a comprehensive source-level debugger for wireless sensor networks. In: SenSys 2007, pp. 189–203. ACM, New York (2007)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this paper
Cite this paper
Zhai, J., Sridhar, N., Hallstrom, J.O. (2014). Supporting the Specification and Runtime Validation of Asynchronous Calling Patterns in Reactive Systems. In: Bonakdarpour, B., Smolka, S.A. (eds) Runtime Verification. RV 2014. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 8734. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11164-3_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11164-3_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-11163-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-11164-3
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)