Abstract
The focus for most of the other chapters in this text has been on the person with the wound and the significant psychosocial problems that they may have to confront. However, in this chapter we explore the broader social situation and how this can impact on the individual with the wound and how, in turn, that patient influences it. The concept of social support is outlined, what it is, it’s relationship to health and how this relationship comes about. The relevance to wound care is articulated and how this information can be used to develop social support interventions that can improve concordance, psychological well-being and subsequently wound healing. One specific form of social support- that received from the family and the spouse or partner in particular is explored in detail. Not only are the positive benefits to the individual with the wound detailed but the burden that may result from providing this support outlined. Social support is an important element in wound care and its impact should be harnessed by the health care professional to enhance wound healing and psychological well-being. However, the health care professional should also remember not to neglect the broader family who may all be placed under considerable burden and stress by the presence of an individual with a wound.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aoun SM, Kristjanson LJ, Currow DC, Hudson PL. Caregiving for the terminally ill: at what cost? Palliat Med. 2005;19:551–5.
Aranda S, Hayman-White L. Home caregivers of the person with advanced cancer: an Australian perspective. Cancer Nurs. 2001;24(4):1–7.
Baanders AN, Heijmans MJWM. The impact of chronic disease. Fam Community Health. 2007;30:305–17.
Baharestani MM. The lived experience of wives caring for their frail, homebound, elderly husbands with pressure ulcers. Adv Wound Care. 1994;7(3):40–2, 44–6, 50 passim.
Bennett JM, Fagundes CP, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. The chronic stress of caregiving accelerates the natural aging of the immune system. In Immunosenescence. New York: Springer; 2013. p. 35-46.
Berkman LF. The Role of Social Relations in Health Promotion. Psychosom Med. 1995;57(3):245–54.
Berkman LF, Syme LS. Social networks, host resistance, and mortality: a nine-year follow-up study of Alameda county residents. Am J Epidemiol. 1979;109(2):186–204.
Brown G. Long-term outcomes of full-thickness pressure ulcers: Healing and mortality. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2003;49(10):42–50.
Brown A. Chronic leg ulcers, part 1: do they affect a patient’s social life? Br J Nurs. 2005a;14(17):894–8.
Brown A. Chronic leg ulcers, part 2: do they affect a patient’s social life? Br J Nurs. 2005b;14(18):986–9.
Brown G. Speech to the volunteering conference, London, 2005c. 31 Jan 2005.
Brown A. Does social support impact on venous ulcer healing or recurrence? Br J Community Nurs. 2008;13(3 Suppl):S8–15.
Brown A. Managing chronic venous leg ulcers part 2: time for a new pragmatic approach? J Wound Care. 2010;19(3):85–95.
Brummett BH, Barefoot JC, Siegler IC, Clapp-Channing NE, Lytle BL, Bosworth HB, Williams Jr RB, Mark DB. Characteristics of socially isolated patients with coronary artery disease who are at elevated risk for mortality. Psychosom Med. 2001;63:267–72.
Buckner L, Yeandle S. Calculating the value of carers’ support. Carers UK Report; London: Carers UK; 2011. p. 15. ISBN 978 1 873747 02 5.
Charles H. The Lindsay leg club model. EWMA J. 2010;10(3):38–40.
Cohen S. Psychosocial models of the role of social support in the etiology of physical disease. Health Psychol. 1988;7(3):269.
Cohen L, Manion L, Morrison K. Research Methods in Education. 5th ed. London: Routledge Falmer; 2000.
Coyne JC, Smith DA. Couples coping with a myocardial infarction: A contextual perspective on wives’ distress. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1991;61(3):404–12.
Detillion CE, Craft TK, Glasper ER, Prendergast BJ, DeVries AC. Social facilitation of wound healing. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004;29(8):1004–11.
Douglas V. Living with a chronic leg ulcer: an insight into patients’ experiences and feelings. J Wound Care. 2001;10(9):355–60.
Edwards H, Courtney M, Finlayson K, et al. Improved healing rates for chronic venous leg ulcers: Pilot study results from a randomized controlled trial of a community nursing intervention. Int J Nurs Pract. 2005;11:169–76.
Edwards H, Courtney M, Finlayson K, Shuter P, Lindsay E. A randomised controlled trial of a community nursing intervention: improved quality of life and healing for clients with chronic leg ulcers. J Clin Nurs. 2009;18(11):1541–9.
Ell K. Social networks, social support, and coping with serious illness: The family connection. Soc Sci Med. 1996;42(2):173–83.
Ertel KA, Glymour MM, Berkman LF. Social networks and health: a life course perspective integrating observational and experimental evidence. J Soc Personal Relationships. 2009;26(1):73–92.
Everson-Rose SA, Lewis TT. Psychosocial factors and cardiovascular diseases. Annu Rev Public Health. 2005;26:469–500.
Finlayson K, Edwards H, Courtney M. Relationships between preventive activities, psychosocial factors and recurrence of venous leg ulcers: a prospective study. J Adv Nurs. 2011;67(10):2180–90.
Frasure-Smith N, Lesp’erance F, Gravel G, Masson A, Juneau M, Talajic M, Bourassa MG. Social support, depression, and mortality during the first year after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2000;101:1919–24.
Freeman E, Gibbins A, Walker M, Hapeshi J. ‘Look after your legs’: patients’ experience of an assessment clinic. Br J Community Nurs. 2007;12(Sup1):S19–25.
Gibbons C, Dempster M, Moutray M. Stress, coping and satisfaction in nursing students. J Adv Nurs. 2011;67(3):621–32.
Glasdam S, Timm H, Vittrup R. Support efforts for caregivers of chronically ill persons. Clin Nurs Res. 2010;19:233–65.
Gleeson-Kreig J, Bernal H, Woolley S. The role of social support in the self-management of diabetes mellitus among a Hispanic population. Public Health Nurs. 2002;19:215–22.
Gordon L, Edwards H, Courtney M, Finlayson K, Shuter P, Lindsay E. A cost-effectiveness analysis of two community models of nursing care for managing chronic venous leg ulcers. J Wound Care. 2006;15(8):348.
Gore S. Stress-buffering functions of social supports: An appraisal and clarification of research models. In: Dohrenwend B, Dohrenwend B, editors. Stressful life events and their context. New York: Prodist; 1981. p. 202–22.
Harker J. Influences on patient adherence with compression hosiery. J Wound Care. 2000;9(8):379–82.
Helgeson VS. Social support and quality of life. Qual Life Res. 2003;12(1):25–31.
Heinen M, Borm G, van der Vleuten C, Evers A, Oostendorp R, van Achterberg T. The Lively Legs self-management programme increased physical activity and reduced wound days in leg ulcer patients: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Int J Nurs Stud. 2012;49:151–61.
Herber OR, Schnepp W, Rieger MA. A systematic review on the impact of leg ulceration on patients’ quality of life. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2007;5(44):1–12.
Hibbard JH, Pope CR. The quality of social roles as predictors of morbidity and mortality. Soc Sci Med. 1993;36:217–25.
Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB. Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-analytic review. PLoS Med. 2010;7(7):e1000316.
Hopkins A. Disrupted lives: investigating coping strategies for non-healing leg ulcers. Br J Nurs. 2004a;13(9):556–63.
Hopkins A. The use of qualitative research methodologies to explore leg ulceration. J Tissue Viability. 2004b;14(4):142–7.
Hopkins A, Dealey C, Bale S, DeFloor T, Worboys F. Patient stories of living with a pressure ulcer. J Adv Nurs. 2006;56(4):345–53.
Johansson S, Fahlstršm G. Good intentions. Vardi Norden. 1993;13:15–22.
Jones JE, Robinson J, Barr W, Carlisle C. Impact of exudate and odour from chronic venous leg ulceration. Nurs Stand. 2008a;22(45):53–61.
Jones RA, Taylor AG, Bourguignon C. Family interactions among African American Prostate Cancer Survivors. Fam Community Health. 2008b;31(3):213–20.
Keeling D, et al. Social support some pragmatic implications for health care professionals. J Adv Nurs. 1996;23(1):76–81.
Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Newton TL. Marriage and health: his and hers. Psychol Bull. 2001;127:472–503.
Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Marucha PT, Malarkey WB, Mercado AM, Glaser R. Slowing of wound healing by psychological stress. Lancet. 1995;346:1194–6.
Kiecolt-Glaser JK, McGuire L, Robles TF, Glaser R. Psychoneuroimmunology: psychological influences on immune function and health. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002;70:537–47.
Lee M, Rotheram-Borus MJ. Challenges associated with increased survival among parents living with HIV. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:1303–9.
Lewis MA, Rook KS. Social control in personal relationships: Impact on health behaviors and psychological distress. Health Psychol. 1999;18:63–71.
Li R, Cooper C, Bradley J, Shulman A, Livingston G. Coping strategies and psychological morbidity in family carers of people with dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2011;139:1–11.
Lin N. Conceptualizing social support. In: Lin N, Dean A, Ensel W, editors. Social support, life events, and depression. New York: Academic; 1986. p. 17–30.
Lindsay E. Leg clubs: A new approach to patient-centred leg ulcer management. Nurs Health Sci. 2000;2(3):139–41.
Lindsay E. The Lindsay Leg Club a model for evidence-based leg ulcer management. Br J Community Nurs. 2004;9(6 Suppl):S15–20.
Lindsay E. Legging it to the Club. Pract Manage. 2008;18(3):26–7.
Lindsay E. Changing policy and practice to empower older people living with chronic wounds. Symposium abstract; The 20th IAGG World congress of gerontology and geriatrics, Korea. 2013.
Maida V, et al. Symptoms associated with malignant wounds: a prospective case series. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2009;37(2):206–11.
Manne SL, Zautra AJ. Couples coping with chronic illness. J Behav Med. 1990;13:327–42.
McDonald J, Hayes L. Promoting resilience in young people: progress in implementing a framework in schools. Health Promot J Austr. 2001;12:261–4.
Moffatt CJ, Franks PJ, Doherty DC, et al. Socio-demographic factors in chronic leg ulceration. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155(2):307–12.
Moffatt C, Kommala D, Dourdin N, Choe Y. Venous leg ulcers: patient concordance with compression therapy and its impact on healing and prevention of recurrence. Int Wound J. 2009;6:386–93.
Moos RH, Moos BS. Manual for Familiy Environment Scale. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1981.
Munro I, Edward KL. The burden of care of gay male carers caring for men living with HIV/AIDS. Am J Mens Health. 2010;4:287.
Oddone CG, Hybels CF, McQuid DR, Steffens DC. Social support modifies the relationship between personality and depressive symptoms in older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;19(2):123–31.
Oehlenslaeger B. You miss the one you still got. Special Poedagogik. 1998;18:104–13.
Ousey KJ, Gillibrand W, Stephenson J. Achieving international consensus for the prevention of orthopaedic wound blistering: results of a Delphi survey. Int Wound J. 2013;10(2):177–84.
Ozbay F, Johnson DC, Dimoulas E, Morgan III CA, Charney D, Southwick S. Social support and resilience to stress: from neurobiology to clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2007;4(5):35.
Parker PD, LĂ¼dtke O, Trautwein U, Roberts B. Personality and relationship quality during the transition from high school to early adulthood. J Pers. 2012;80:1061–81.
Persoon A, Heinen M, van der Vleuten C, de Rooij M, van de Kerkhof P, van Achterberg T. Leg ulcers: a review of their impact on daily life. J Clin Nurs. 2004;13(3):341–54.
Price P, et al. Why combine a foam dressing with ibuprofen for wound pain and moist wound healing? Int Wound J. 2007;4(S1):1–3.
Quick JD, Nelson DL, Matuszek PA, Whittington JL, Quick JC. Social support, secure attachments, and health. In: Cooper CL, editor. Handbook of stress, medicine, and health. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1996. p. 269–87.
Rees J, O’Boyle CA, MacDonagh R. Quality of life. J R Soc Med. 2001;94:563–6.
Riemsma RP, Taal E, et al. The burden of care for informal caregivers of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Psychol Health. 1999;14:773–94.
Russell D, Cutrona CE, Rose J, Yurko K. Social and emotional loneliness: an examination of Weiss’s typology of loneliness. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1984;46(6):1313.
Sales E. Family burden and quality of life. Qual Life Res. 2003;12(1):33–41.
Sapolsky R. Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: A Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases and Coping. 3rd ed. New York: Holt; 2004.
Sarason BR. Social support, social behaviour and cognitive processes. In: Schwartzer R, editor. Self regulated cognitions in anxiety and motivation. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1986. p. 71–86.
Sarason IG, Levine HM, Basham RB, Sarason BR. Assessing social support: The social support questionnaire. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1983;44:127–39.
Sarason IG, Sarason BR, Shearin EN, Pierce GR. A brief measure of social support: Practical and theoretical implications. J Soc Pers Relationships. 1987;4(4):497–510.
Sherbourne CD, Stewart AL. The MOS social support survey. Soc Sci Med. 1991;32(6):705–14.
Shuter P, Finlayson K, Edwards H, Courtney MH, Herbert C, Lindsay E. Leg Clubs – Beyond the ulcers: case studies based on participatory action research. Wound Pract Res. 2011;19(1):16–20.
Solowiej K, Upton D. Take it easy: how the cycle of stress and pain associated with wound care affects recovery. Nurs Residential Care. 2010a;12(9):443–6.
Solowiej K, Upton D. The assessment and management of pain and stress in wound care. Br J Community Nurs. 2010b;15(6):S26–33.
Soubhi H, Fortin M, Hudson C. Perceived conflict in the couple and chronic illness management. BMC Fam Practit. 2006;7:59.
Spence A, Hasson F, Waldron M, et al. Active carers: living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Palliat Nurs. 2008;14(8):368–72.
Thoits PA. Stress and Health: Major Findings and Policy Implications. J Health Soc Behav. 2010;51:S41.
Thoits PA. Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. J Health Soc Behav. 2011;52(2):145–61.
Thomas C, Morris SM, Harman JC. Companions through cancer: the care given by informal carers in cancer contexts. Soc Sci Med. 2002;54:529–44.
Toshima MT, Kaplan RM, Ries AL. Experimental evaluation of rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: short-term effects on exercise endurance and health status. Health Psychol. 1990;9(3):237.
Trief PM, Sandberg J, Greenberg RP, et al. Describing support: a qualitative study of couples living with diabetes. Fam Syst Health. 2003;21(1):57–67.
Troup CL, Dewe PL. Exploring the nature of control and its role in the appraisal of workplace stress. Work Stress. 2002;16:335–55.
Uchino BN. Social support and physical health: Understanding the health consequences of relationships. New Haven: Yale University Press; 2004.
Uchino BN. Social support and health: a review of physiological processes potentially underlying links to disease outcomes. J Behav Med. 2006;29(4):377–87.
Umberson D. Family status and health behaviors: Social control as a dimension of social integration. J Health Soc Behav. 1987;28(3):306–19.
Umberson D, Montez JK. Social relationships and health: a flashpoint for health policy. J Health Soc Behav. 2010;51:S54–66.
Upton D, Andrews A. Negative Pressure Wound Therapy: Improving the Patient Experience, Part Two of Three. J Wound Care. 2013a;22(11):582–91.
Upton D, Andrews A. Negative Pressure Wound Therapy: Improving the Patient Experience, Part One of Three. J Wound Care. 2013b;22(10):552–7.
Upton D, Andrews A. Pain and trauma in negative pressure wound therapy: a review. Int Wound J. 2013c; Advance online publication.
Vermeiden J, Doorn L, Da Costa AMD, Kaptein AA, Steenvoorde P. Coping strategies used by patients with chronic and/or complex wounds. Wounds. 2009;21(12):324–8.
Victor CR, Scambler S, Shah S, Cook DG, Harris T, Rink E, de Wilde S. Has loneliness amongst older people increased? An investigation into variations between cohorts. Ageing Soc. 2002;22(1):1–13.
Vitaliano PP, et al. Is caregiving hazardous to one’s physical health? A meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 2003;129(6):946–72.
Weller CD, Buchbinder R, Johnston RV. Interventions for helping people adhere to compression treatments for venous leg ulceration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(9):CD008378.
White Y, Greyner B. The bio-psychosocial impact of end-stage renal disease: The experience of dialysis patients and their partners. J Adv Nurs. 1999;30(6):1312–20.
Wise G. The social ulcer. Nurs Times. 1986;82(21):47–9.
Wissing U, Ek AC, Unosson M. A follow-up study of ulcer healing, nutrition, and life-situation in elderly patients with leg ulcers. J Nutr Health Aging. 2001;5(1):37–42.
Woods B. Promoting well-being and independence for people with dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1999;14:97–109.
Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. J Pers Assess. 1988;52:30–41.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Upton, D., Upton, P. (2015). Family, Friends and Social Support. In: Psychology of Wounds and Wound Care in Clinical Practice. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09653-7_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09653-7_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-09652-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-09653-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)