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Minority, People, Nation

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Minorities, Minority Rights and Internal Self-Determination

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Abstract

Scholars involved in minority rights and those actively working for minorities at international organizations and non-governmental organizations can sometimes be overheard saying that definitions are not important at all. The important thing is that the groups actually get their rights, no matter how these groups are defined in detail. Gudmundur Alfredsson offers two reasons as to why there is no binding definition. Firstly, they feel threatened by minorities’ separatist claims that they expect when minority rights are enforced. Secondly, by continuously discussing a definition, substantive issues are avoided. The first reason shows the value of the original position. Within the framework of liberal states in Europe, separatist claims do not appear in the original position. While the second reason cannot be disproved, the original position is about agreeing on fundamental principles. Hiding behind definitional questions is not part of the strategy.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Alfredsson (2005), pp. 163–165.

  2. 2.

    Former OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities Max van der Stoel says that the ‘existence of a minority is a question fact and not of definition.’ He goes on to name the characteristics of a minority as being of linguistic, ethnic or cultural nature. In addition, identity is important to minorities. Van der Stoel is thus close to proposed definitions as becomes clear below. See van der Stoel, M (2010) Keynote Address at the Opening of the OSCE Minorities Seminar in Warsaw in 1994. http://www.osce.org/hcnm/37959. Accessed 06 May 2014. For a similar view on the needlessness of a definition see Alfredsson (2005), p. 163. For a summary to this view see para. 12 European Commission for Democracy Through Law (2007) Report on Non-Citizens and Minority Rights CoE Doc. CDL-AD(2007)001.

  3. 3.

    Para. 19 Commission on Human Rights (1986) Compilation of Proposals Concerning the Definition of the Term “Minority” UN Doc. E/CN.4/1987/WG.5/WP.1.

  4. 4.

    Para. 19 Commission on Human Rights (1986) Compilation of Proposals Concerning the Definition of the Term “Minority” UN Doc. E/CN.4/1987/WG.5/WP.1. See also Packer (1993), p. 25.

  5. 5.

    de Azcárate (1945), p. 4.

  6. 6.

    See for example Commission on Human Rights (1986) Compilation of Proposals Concerning the Definition of the Term “Minority” UN Doc. E/CN.4/1987/WG.5/WP.1.

  7. 7.

    Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (1993) Recommendation 1201 (1993) on an Additional Protocol on the Rights of Minorities to the European Convention on Human Rights CoE Doc. PACE Rec. 1201 (1993).

  8. 8.

    Bas de Gaay Fortman disagrees here and shows that numerical inferiority is not an adequate criterion in the definition of a minority. Nevertheless, this is a criterion which is largely accepted. See de Gaay Fortman (2011), pp. 276–277.

  9. 9.

    For a discussion on the numerical size of a minority see for example paras. 121–125 European Commission for Democracy Through Law (2007) Report on Non-Citizens and Minority Rights CoE Doc. CDL-AD(2007)001.

  10. 10.

    Para. 568 Francesco Capotorti (1991) Study on the Rights of Persons Belonging to Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, United Nations, New York, 1991.

  11. 11.

    Para. 568 Francesco Capotorti (1991) Study on the Rights of Persons Belonging to Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, United Nations, New York, 1991.

  12. 12.

    See more on the title ‘national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minority’ in Sect. 3.2.3.

  13. 13.

    Art. 21 (1) CFR.

  14. 14.

    Original emphasis. de Azcárate (1945), p. 4.

  15. 15.

    de Azcárate (1945), pp. 5–6.

  16. 16.

    Jules Deschênes (1985) Proposal Concerning a Definition of the Term “Minority” UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1985/31. For a short reproduction of the comments Deschênes received see paras. 19–28 Commission on Human Rights (1986) Compilation of Proposals Concerning the Definition of the Term “Minority” UN Doc. E/CN.4/1987/WG.5/WP.1.

  17. 17.

    Para. 101 Jules Deschênes (1985) Proposal Concerning a Definition of the Term “Minority” UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1985/31.

  18. 18.

    Freeman (1999), p. 365.

  19. 19.

    Valentine (2004), pp. 471–472.

  20. 20.

    Declarations regarding the applicability of the FC contain both minority with and without kin-states. Slovenia recognizes only the kin-state minorities of Hungarians and Italians. Germany also recognizes the Sorbs who do not have a kin-state. Similarly, Sweden applies the FC to both groups of minorities. See the respective declarations as published in Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe (2000) Draft Protocol to the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (on the Interpretation of the Convention) CoE Doc. CM Doc. CM(2000)133 rev., pp. 64–69.

  21. 21.

    See below in this chapter.

  22. 22.

    Gilbert (1996), p. 168.

  23. 23.

    See below in this chapter.

  24. 24.

    Capotorti (1997), p. 411.

  25. 25.

    Already at the First Session of the Commission on Human Rights (1947) Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and the Protection of Minorities – First Session UN Doc. E/CN.4/52, there was no agreement on this issue. See ‘Sub-Commission on the Prevention’, E/CN.4/52, pp. 13–14. See also Wright (1996), pp. 194–196. The Human Rights Committee finds that protection of art. 27 ICCPR on minorities is not limited to citizens. See para. 5.1 Human Rights Committee (1994) General Comment No. 23: The Rights of Minorities (Art. 27) UN Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.5.

  26. 26.

    See the declarations of Austria, Estonia, Germany, Latvia, Poland, Switzerland, Macedonia as published in Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (1998) As published in Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, Collected Texts, 4th ed., Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg, 2007, pp. 64–69. One should keep in mind that far from all countries made any declarations at all.

  27. 27.

    See the declarations of Denmark, Netherlands, Sweden as published in Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (1998) As published in Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, Collected Texts, 4th ed., Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg, 2007, pp. 65–68.

  28. 28.

    Thornberry (1994), p. 17.

  29. 29.

    International Court of Justice (1955) Nottebohm Case (Second Phase) Judgement Second Phase Nottebohm Case (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala), 06 April 1955: I.C.J. Reports 1955, pp. 4, at p. 26.

  30. 30.

    Para. 20 Human Rights Committee (1999) General Comment No. 27: Freedom of Movement (Art. 12) UN Doc.CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.9.

  31. 31.

    See the German Declaration speaking of ‘the Danes of German citizenship’. See Germany (1995) German Declaration of 11 May 1995 http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=1&DF=&CL=ENG&VL=1. Accessed 06 May 2014.

  32. 32.

    One should note that a lot of human rights are universally applicable and not dependent on nationality.

  33. 33.

    International Court of Justice (1955) Nottebohm Case (Second Phase) Judgement Second Phase Nottebohm Case (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala), 06 April 1955: I.C.J. Reports 1955, pp. 4, at p. 22.

  34. 34.

    Pedersen (2000), p. 333. For young minority members’ opinions see Jung, F (2005): Das beste Beispiel für das was Europa mal werden soll, Tageblatt, p. 7 Flensburger and Jung, F (2005): Der weite Horizont ist unser grösstes Plus, Tageblatt, p. 7, Flensburger. See also EURAC (2007): Kompetenzanalyse: Minderheiten als Standortfaktor in der deutsch-dänischen Grenzregion, Europäische Akademie, Bozen-Bolzano, pp. 49.

  35. 35.

    Paras. 38–41 European Commission for Democracy Through Law (2007) Report on Non-Citizens and Minority Rights CoE Doc. CDL-AD(2007)001.

  36. 36.

    Paras. 73–74 European Commission for Democracy Through Law (2007) Report on Non-Citizens and Minority Rights CoE Doc. CDL-AD(2007)001.

  37. 37.

    Paras. 71 & 85 European Commission for Democracy Through Law (2007) Report on Non-Citizens and Minority Rights CoE Doc. CDL-AD(2007)001.

  38. 38.

    Merriam-Webster (2014) Possess. http://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/possess. Accessed 06 May 2014.

  39. 39.

    Merriam-Webster (2014) Endow. http://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/endowed. Accessed 06 May 2014.

  40. 40.

    Art. 1 Montevideo Convention (1933) As published in 165 League of Nations Treaty Series, 19.

  41. 41.

    See also Permanent Court of International Justice (1930) Greco-Bulgarian Communities Advisory Opinion The Greco Bulgarian Communities, 31 July 1930: P.C.I.J. Series B. No. 17, p. 22; paras. 204–205 Francesco Capotorti (1991) Study on the Rights of Persons Belonging to Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, United Nations, New York, 1991; para. 5.2 Human Rights Committee (1994) General Comment No. 23: The Rights of Minorities (Art. 27) UN Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.5. In practice, recognition remains problematic. For a summary see Dimitras, P (2004): Recognition of Minorities in Europe: Protecting Rights and Dignity, Minority Rights Group International, London, pp. 4–7.

  42. 42.

    Lorimer (1883), p. 106.

  43. 43.

    Para. (32) CSCE (1990) Copenhagen Document http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/14304. Accessed 06 May 2014. See also Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (1990) General Recommendations No. 8: Identification with a Particular Racial or Ethnic Group (Art. 1, par. 1& 4) UN Doc. CERD General Recommendation No. 8.

  44. 44.

    The FC stresses the importance of the subjective and objective criteria, so that nobody can arbitrarily choose to belong to a minority. See para. 35 Denmark (1999) Report Submitted by Denmark Pursuant to Article 25, Paragraph 1 of the Framework Convention on the Protection of National Minorities CoE Doc. ACFC/SR(1999)009.

  45. 45.

    Alfredsson (2005), p. 167.

  46. 46.

    Alfredsson (2005), p. 167.

  47. 47.

    Simon (1997), p. 511.

  48. 48.

    Simon lists the following problems with Capotorti’s definition: lack of precision, under-inclusive, over-inclusive, subjective factors, objective factors and a numerical problem. For a detailed account see Simon (1997), pp. 513–517.

  49. 49.

    Simon (1997), p. 515.

  50. 50.

    Alfredsson agrees on this point with Simon. See Alfredsson (2005), p. 168.

  51. 51.

    Para. 48 Erika-Irene Daes and Asbjørn Eide (2000) Working Paper on the Relationship and Distinction Between the Rights of Persons Belonging to Minorities and Those of Indigenous Peoples UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2000/10.

  52. 52.

    Commission on Human Rights (1947) Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and the Protection of Minorities – First Session UN Doc. E/CN.4/52, p. 13.

  53. 53.

    See Sect. 3.2.3.

  54. 54.

    Bund Deutscher Nordschleswiger (1993) Leitbild der Deutschen Minderheit. http://www.nordschleswig.dk/SEEEMS/395.asp. Accessed 31 May 2010.

  55. 55.

    Permanent Court of International Justice (1930) Greco-Bulgarian Communities Advisory Opinion The Greco Bulgarian Communities, 31 July 1930: P.C.I.J. Series B. No. 17, p. 33.

  56. 56.

    In order to compare proposed definitions for the term ‘minority’ between 1919 and 1985 see Commission on Human Rights (1986) Compilation of Proposals Concerning the Definition of the Term “Minority” UN Doc. E/CN.4/1987/WG.5/WP.1.

  57. 57.

    Bagley (1950), p. 9.

  58. 58.

    UN Doc. ST/TAO/HR/49 as quoted in: Lerner (2003), p. 10.

  59. 59.

    For more about other the proposed alternative terms such as ‘communality’, ‘community’, ‘social group’ and ‘natural class’ see Lerner (2003), pp. 34–36.

  60. 60.

    Cobo Martinez (1986) Study of the Problem of Discrimination against Indigenous Populations UN Doc. ECN.4/Sub.2/1986/7/Add.4.

  61. 61.

    Para. 23 Erika-Irene Daes and Asbjørn Eide (2000) Working Paper on the Relationship and Distinction Between the Rights of Persons Belonging to Minorities and Those of Indigenous Peoples UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2000/10.

  62. 62.

    Para. 18 Erika-Irene Daes and Asbjørn Eide (2000) Working Paper on the Relationship and Distinction Between the Rights of Persons Belonging to Minorities and Those of Indigenous Peoples UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2000/10. See also para. 17 Working Group on Minorities (2005) Commentary of the Working Group on Minorities to the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.5/2005/2.

  63. 63.

    Minority Rights Group (1991): Minority Rights in Europe – Policies and Practices in CSCE Participating Countries, Minority Rights Group International, London, p. 11. On a possible overlap see the Human Rights Committee which speaks of ‘members of indigenous communities constituting a minority.’ See para. 3.2 Human Rights Committee (1994) General Comment No. 23: The Rights of Minorities (Art. 27) UN Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.5. See also para. 50 Erika-Irene Daes and Asbjørn Eide (2000) Working Paper on the Relationship and Distinction Between the Rights of Persons Belonging to Minorities and Those of Indigenous Peoples UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2000/10.

  64. 64.

    Alfredsson (2005), p. 169. For more on the different views of groups, minorities and the term national see also Wright (1996), p. 194.

  65. 65.

    Para. 2 Erika-Irene Daes and Asbjørn Eide (2000) Working Paper on the Relationship and Distinction Between the Rights of Persons Belonging to Minorities and Those of Indigenous Peoples UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2000/10.

  66. 66.

    Para. 8 Erika-Irene Daes and Asbjørn Eide (2000) Working Paper on the Relationship and Distinction Between the Rights of Persons Belonging to Minorities and Those of Indigenous Peoples UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2000/10.

  67. 67.

    Paras. 41 & 43 Erika-Irene Daes and Asbjørn Eide (2000) Working Paper on the Relationship and Distinction Between the Rights of Persons Belonging to Minorities and Those of Indigenous Peoples UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2000/10.

  68. 68.

    Para. 22 United Nations Educational, S. a. C. O. (1990) International Meeting of Experts on Further Study of the Concept of the Rights of Peoples UNESDOC SHS-89/CONF.602/7.

  69. 69.

    Para. 22 United Nations Educational, S. a. C. O. (1990) International Meeting of Experts on Further Study of the Concept of the Rights of Peoples UNESDOC SHS-89/CONF.602/7.

  70. 70.

    Wright (1999), p. 627.

  71. 71.

    Wright (1999), p. 627.

  72. 72.

    Castellino (2000), pp. 64–66; Thornberry (1989), p. 881.

  73. 73.

    Castellino (2000), pp. 69–70.

  74. 74.

    Castellino (2000), p. 70.

  75. 75.

    Partsch (1982), p. 63.

  76. 76.

    Para. 15 Working Group on Minorities (2005) Commentary of the Working Group on Minorities to the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.5/2005/2.

  77. 77.

    Alfredsson (2005), p. 170.

  78. 78.

    Para. 34 Francesco Capotorti (1991) Study on the Rights of Persons Belonging to Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, United Nations, New York, 1991.

  79. 79.

    For more on the terms referred to in the context of minorities see also European Commission for Democracy Through Law, Commission on Human Rights (1947) Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and the Protection of Minorities – First Session UN Doc. E/CN.4/52, pp. 46–47.

  80. 80.

    Bagley (1950), p. 10.

  81. 81.

    Para. 12 Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights (2005) The Concept of Nation CoE Doc. PACE Doc. 10762.

  82. 82.

    For a tracing of the meanings of the term ‘nation’ see paras. 10–27 Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights (2005) The Concept of Nation CoE Doc. PACE Doc. 10762.

  83. 83.

    Volk. http://dict.leo.org/ende?lp=ende&lang=de&searchLoc=0&cmpType=relaxed&sectHdr=on&spellToler=on&chinese=both&pinyin=diacritic&search=volk&relink=on. Accessed 06 May 2014. See also Volk. http://www.wordreference.com/deen/volk. Accessed 06 May 2014.

  84. 84.

    Folk. http://www.ordbogen.com/opslag.php?word=folk&dict=auto#daen. Accessed 06 May 2014. See also Folk. http://ordbog.gyldendal.dk/sitecore/content/Ordbog/Home/Opslag/Resultat.aspx?q=folk&lcode=DAEN&pos=sb.&lemdesc=befolkning&cq=folk&cpos=sb.&clemdesc=befolkning. Accessed 06 May 2014.

  85. 85.

    My emphasis.

  86. 86.

    UNCIO Docs, Vol. XVIII, pp. 657–658 as quoted in Thornberry (1991), p. 871.

  87. 87.

    ‘Peoples’ also covers states and groups of human beings who are neither state nor nation. Sureda (1973), p. 100.

  88. 88.

    Para. 3 Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights (2005) The Concept of Nation CoE Doc. PACE Doc. 10762. The draft recommendation of the Committee was later adopted by the Parliamentary Assembly (2006) Recommendation 1735 (2006) on the Concept of Nation CoE Doc. PACE Rec. 1735 (2006).

  89. 89.

    Paras. 4–5 Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights (2005) The Concept of Nation CoE Doc. PACE Doc. 10762.

  90. 90.

    Para. 27 Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights (2005) The Concept of Nation CoE Doc. PACE Doc. 10762.

  91. 91.

    Schmidt (1995).

  92. 92.

    von Bogdandy and Häußler (2008), para. 2.

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    Ulrike Barten

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Barten, U. (2015). Minority, People, Nation. In: Minorities, Minority Rights and Internal Self-Determination. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08876-1_8

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