Abstract
Soil is teeming with life, and rhizosphere soil is even more densely inhabited than bulk soil. In terms of biomass, bacteria and fungi are dominant groups, whereas nematodes (roundworms) are the most abundant Metazoans. Bulk soil, soil not directly affected by living plant roots, typically harbours around 2000–4000 nematodes per 100 g, while in the rhizosphere these numbers should be multiplied by a factor 3–5. This difference is not only explained by a higher density of plant parasites, as also bacterivorous and fungivorous nematodes benefit from the local boost of the bacterial and fungal community. Most nematodes feeding on higher plants are obligatory parasites. In this chapter four independent lineages of plant-parasitic nematodes are discussed. Facultative plant parasites often occupy basal positions within a lineage. Most, but not all, economically high impact plant parasites such a root knot, cyst and lesion nematodes belong to the most distal nematode clade (Clade 12; Holterman et al. Mol Biol Evol 23:1792–1800, 2006) . In this chapter, some of the latest insights on the evolution, the ecology and the biology of phytopathogenic nematodes will be covered.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aguinaldo AMA, Turbeville JM, Linford LS et al (1997) Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods and other moulting animals. Nature 387:489–493
Blaxter ML, De Ley P, Garey JR et al (1998) A molecular evolutionary framework for the phylum Nematoda. Nature 392:71–75
Bongers T, Ferris H (1999) Nematode community structure as a bioindicator in environmental monitoring. Trends Ecol Evol 14:224–228
Chitwood BG, Chitwood MB (1933) The characters of a protonematode. J Parasitol 20:130
Cotton JA, Lilley CJ, Jones LM et al (2014) The genome and life-stage specific transcriptomes of Globodera pallida elucidate key aspects of plant parasitism by a cyst nematode. Genome Biol 15:R43
De Ley P, Blaxter ML (2002) Systematic position and phylogeny. In: Lee DL (ed) The biology of nematodes. Taylor & Francis, London, pp 1–30
Doolittle WF (1998) You are what you eat: a gene transfer ratchet could account for bacterial genes in eukaryotic nuclear genomes. Trends Genet 14:307–311
Dover GA, Linares AR, Bowen T et al (1993) Detection and quantification of concerted evolution and molecular drive. Method Enzymol 224:525–541
Ellis RE, Sulston JE, Coulson AR (1986) The rDNA of C. elegans: sequence and structure. Nucleic Acids Res 14:2345–2364
Ferris H, Bongers T, De Goede RGM (2001) A framework for soil food web diagnostics: extension of the nematode faunal analysis concept. Appl Soil Ecol 18:13–29
Floyd R, Abebe E, Papert A, Blaxter M (2002) Molecular barcodes for soil nematode identification. Mol Ecol 11:839–850
Fu Z, Agudelo P, Wells CE (2012) Differential expression of a beta-1,4-endoglucanase induced by diet change in the foliar nematode Aphelenchoides fragariae. Phytopathology 102:804–811
Goverse A, Overmars H, Engelbertink J et al (2000) Both induction and morphogenesis of cyst nematode feeding cells are mediated by auxin. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 13:1121–1129
Holterman M, van der Wurff A, van den Elsen S et al (2006) Phylum-wide analysis of SSU rDNA reveals deep phylogenetic relationships among nematodes and accelerated evolution toward crown clades. Mol Biol Evol 23:1792–1800
Hoth S, Stadler R, Sauer N et al (2008) Differential vascularization of nematode-induced feeding sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:12617–12622
Jaubert S, Laffaire JB, Abad P et al (2002) A polygalacturonase of animal origin isolated from the root- knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. FEBS Lett 522:109–112
Karanastasi E, Wyss U, Brown DJF (2003) An in vitro examination of the feeding behaviour of Paratrichodorus anemones (Nematoda: Trichodoridae), with comments on the ability of the nematode to acquire and transmit Tobravirus particles. Nematology 5:421–434
Keen NT, Roberts PA (1998) Plant parasitic nematodes: digesting a page from the microbe book. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:4789–4790
Kikuchi T, Jones JT, Aikawa T et al (2004) A family of glycosyl hydrolase family 45 cellulases from the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. FEBS Lett 572:201–205
Kikuchi T, Cock PJA, Helder J et al (2014) Characterisation of the transcriptome of Aphelenchoides besseyi and identification of a GHF 45 cellulase. Nematology 16:99–107
Kyndt T, Haegeman A, Gheysen G (2008) Evolution of GHF5 endoglucanase gene structure in plant-parasitic nematodes: no evidence for an early domain shuffling event. BMC Evol Biol 8:305
Lee C, Chronis D, Kenning C et al (2011) The novel cyst nematode effector protein 19C07 interacts with the Arabidopsis auxin influx transporter LAX3 to control feeding site development. Plant Physiol 155:866–880
Loof PAA, Coomans A (1972) The oesophageal gland nuclei of Longidoridae (Dorylaimida). Nematologica 18:213–233
Lorenzen S (1981) Entwurf eines phylogenetischen systems der freilebenden Nematoden. Veröff Inst Meeresforsch Breme, Supplement 7:1–472
Mitreva-Dautova M, Roze E, Overmars H et al (2006) A symbiont-independent endo-1,4-bata-xylanase from the plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 19:521–529
Popeijus H, Overmars H, Jones J et al (2000) Enzymology: degradation of plant cell walls by a nematode. Nature 406:36–37
Postma WJ, Slootweg EJ, Rehman S et al (2012) The effector SPRYSEC-19 of Globodera rostochiensis suppresses CC-NB-LRR-mediated disease resistance in plants. Plant Physiol 160:944–954
Qin L, Kudla U, Roze EHA et al (2004) A nematode expansin acting on plants. Nature 427:30.
Rehman S, Butterbach P, Popeijus H et al (2009a) Identification and characterization of the most abundant cellulases in stylet secretions from Globodera rostochiensis. Phytopathology 99:194–202
Rehman S, Postma W, Tytgat T et al (2009b) A secreted SPRY domain-containing protein (SPRYSEC) from the plant-parasitic nematode Globodera rostochiensis interacts with a CC-NB-LRR protein from a susceptible tomato. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 22:330–340
Rybarczyk-Mydłowska K, Ruvimbo Maboreke H, Van Megen H et al (2012) Rather than by direct acquisition via lateral gene transfer, GHF5 cellulases were passed on from early Pratylenchidae to root-knot and cyst nematodes. BMC Evol Biol 12:221
Shinya R, Morisaka H, Kikuchi T (2013) Secretome analysis of the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus reveals the tangled roots of parasitism and its potential for molecular mimicry. PLoS One 8(6):e67377
Smant G, Stokkermans J, Yan YT et al (1998) Endogenous cellulases in animals: isolation of beta-1,4-endoglucanase genes from two species of plant-parasitic cyst nematodes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:4906–4911
Trudgill DL, Blok VC (2001) Apomictic, polyphagous root-knot nematodes: exceptionally successful and damaging biotrophic root pathogens. Annu Rev Phytopathol 39:53–77
Van Megen H, Van Den Elsen S, Holterman M et al (2009) A phylogenetic tree of nematodes based on about 1200 full-length small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Nematology 11:927–950
Wyss U, Lehmann H, Jank-Ladwig R (1980) Ultrastructure of modified root-tip cells in Ficus carica, induced by the ectoparasitic nematode Xiphinema index. J Cell Sc 41:193–208
Yeates GW, Bongers T, De Goede RGM et al (1993) Feeding-habits in soil Nematode families and genera-an outline for soil ecologists. J Nematol 25:315–331
Zunke U (1990) Ectoparasitic feeding behaviour of the root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans, on root hairs of different host plants. Rev Nématol 13:331–337
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Helder, J. et al. (2015). Phytopathogenic Nematodes. In: Lugtenberg, B. (eds) Principles of Plant-Microbe Interactions. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08575-3_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08575-3_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-08574-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-08575-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)