Abstract
This chapter provides a concise description of the Tevatron collider and of the CDF II detector. More details are provided on the tracking and muon detector systems, on account of their importance in the present analysis.
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Notes
- 1.
The form factor \(F\) is a parameterization of the longitudinal profile of the beams in the collision region, which assumes the characteristic shape of an horizontal “hourglass” centered at the interaction point. The betatron function is a parameter convenient for solving the equation of motion of a particle through an arbitrary beam transport system; \(\beta ^\star \) is a local function of the magnetic properties of the ring and it is independent of the accelerating particle. The emittance \(\epsilon \) measures the phase space occupied by the particles of the beam; three independent two-dimensional emittances are defined, for each of them \(\sqrt{\beta ^\star \epsilon }\) is proportional to the statistical width of the beam in the corresponding phase plane.
- 2.
Typically, 21 antiprotons were collected for each 106 protons on target, resulting in a stacking rate of approximately 10–20 \(\mathrm {mA/h}\).
- 3.
Stochastic cooling is a technique used to reduce the transverse momentum and energy spread of a beam without beam loss. This is achieved by applying iteratively a feedback mechanism that senses the beam deviation from the ideal orbit with electrostatic plates, processes and amplifies it, and transmits an adequately-sized synchronized correction pulse to another set of plates downstream [3]. Bunch rotation is an RF manipulation technique that, using adequate phasing, transforms a beam with a large time spread and a small energy spread in a beam with a large energy spread and a small time spread, or viceversa.
- 4.
Electron cooling is a method of damping the transverse motion of the antiproton beam through the interaction with an electron beam propagating together at the same average velocity.
- 5.
Coalescing is the process of compacting into one dense bunch many smaller bunches.
- 6.
The rapidity can be derived from the Lorentz-invariant cross-section: \(E\frac{d^{3}\sigma }{(dp)^{3}}= E\frac{d^{2}\sigma }{\pi p_\mathrm{{T}}dp_\mathrm{{T}}dp_{z}}\). Observing that only \(E\) and \(p_{z}\) change under \(z\) boosts, we can replace them by a variable \(Y\) such as \(E\frac{dY}{dp_{z}}=1\). Solving for \(Y\) we get Eq. (3.1).
- 7.
An idea of the difference is given by considering that \(|\eta _\mathrm{{det}} - \eta _{part}|\approx 0.2\) if the particle is produced at \(z = 60\) cm from the nominal interaction point.
- 8.
The symbol \(X_0\) indicates the radiation length.
- 9.
The cooling fluid is maintained under the atmospheric pressure to prevent leaks in case of damaged cooling pipes.
- 10.
Gold, used also for the wires, was chosen because of its good conductivity, high work function, resistance to etching by positive ions, and low chemical reactivity.
- 11.
In the presence of crossed electric (\(\varvec{E}\)) and magnetic (\(\varvec{B}\)) fields, electrons drifting in a gas move at an angle \(\zeta \) with respect to the electric field direction, given by \(\zeta \approx \arctan \left( \frac{v(E,B\,=\,0)B}{kE}\right) \), where \(v(E,B\,=\,0)\) is the drift velocity without a magnetic field, and \(k\) is a \(\mathcal {O}(1)\) empirical parameter that depends on the gas and on the electric field. A common solution for this problem consists in using tilted cells (i. e. tilted drift electric field) that compensate the Lorentz angle linearizing the time-to-distance relation.
- 12.
A jet is a flow of observable secondary particles produced in a spatially collimated form, as a consequence of the hadronization of partons produced in the hard collision.
- 13.
The \(\delta \)-rays are knock-on electrons emitted from atoms when the passage of charged particles through matter results in transmitted energies of more than a few \({\mathrm {ke}}{\mathrm {V}}\) in a single collision.
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Leo, S. (2015). The Collider Detector at the Fermilab Tevatron. In: CP Violation in {B_s}^0 -> J/psi.phi Decays. Springer Theses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07929-5_3
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