Abstract
Energy plays a crucial role in the socioeconomic development of the country as elsewhere in the world. The past five-year period from 2004–05 to 2008–09 witnessed the economy grow at an average rate of 8.5%, despite the worldwide financial crisis affecting the second half of the five-year period. For the expected economic growth trend (8-9%) to continue during the Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017), the nation requires an annual growth of 6.5% per year in energy supply (GOI, 2011). In India, nearly half of the commercial, primary energy demand is met by coal, but the share of coal in India’s total primary energy constitutes about 38%, while the contribution of non-commercial energy such as firewood, cattle dung and agricultural waste forms about 28% of the total primary energy consumed (GOI, 2006a, b).
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Notes
- 1.
The term “biogas” in this paper refers to biogas produced out of livestock manure with a generalized 60% of methane composition. GHG emission is taken to be CO2 equivalent, manure management for methane. The term “states” includes all the 35 states and union territories of India.
- 2.
85 million households spend 30 billion hours annually on fuelwood gathering (A study in North India as stated in the Integrated Energy Policy).
- 3.
Estimated for central parts of the country with material costs as of 2010-11.
- 4.
The ratio of total biomass to usable stem biomass was assumed by the German Bundestag to be 1.6 for closed forest and 3 for open forest. One cum of stem wood is, therefore, taken to be equivalent to 2.3 m3 of the total biomass.
- 5.
This value varies in relation to factors like plant species, geoclimatic conditions etc. Dry matter content with solid wood amounts to 0.45 tonnes per m3 (IPCC, 2006).
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Goswami, M., Nautiyal, S., Manasi, S., Bez, P., Bhaskar, K., Khan, Y.D.I. (2015). Replacing Conventional Fuels through Biogas for Mitigating the Threats related to Climate Change in India: A State-wise Assessment for Emission Reduction. In: Raju, N., Gossel, W., Ramanathan, A., Sudhakar, M. (eds) Management of Water, Energy and Bio-resources in the Era of Climate Change: Emerging Issues and Challenges. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05969-3_15
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