Abstract
The essay provides a reflection on European Regulatory Private Law (ERPL), as both a perspective on and a model of European legal integration. First, it outlines some of the problems familiar to legal and other scholars that give rise to ERPL as a perspective on legal integration, including the pluralisation of legal sources and institutions and the resulting legal fragmentation. This in turn produces the need to manage conflicts or collisions in law-application to concrete legal problems either by making choices from existing alternatives or by innovating. Secondly, it provides possible impulses that inform ERPL as a research agenda and a way of making headway on those familiar problems. The final—and more exploratory—step, is to envisage the shape that ERPL might take given those problems and impulses as a model of normative interaction in the EU context. One guiding intuition is that it might be limiting to speak of the resulting normative framework as one for merely managing conflicts between normative orders. An alternative conception might be that of integration, so that ERPL could be thought of as a platform (or platforms) aiming to integrate to the greatest extent possible the perspectives of the various relevant law producers and enforcers in the pursuit of various dimensions of the public interest. For that purpose, the essay will sketch out some possible platform models drawing on existing examples.
Bocconi University; European University Institute. The author acknowledges the support of the ERC funded project on European Regulatory Private Law hosted at the EUI.
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Notes
- 1.
H-W Micklitz, ‘The visible hand of European regulatory private law—The transformation of European private law from autonomy to functionalism in competition and regulation’ (2009) 28 Yearbook of European Law 3.
- 2.
e.g. A von Bogdandy and J Bast, ‘The Federal Order of Competences’ in A von Bogdandy and J Bast (eds), Principles of European Constitutional Law (Oxford, Hart, 2009).
- 3.
J Goldberg, ‘Pragmatism and Private Law’ (Introduction to the Symposium “The New Private Law”) (2012) 125 Harvard Law Review 1640.
- 4.
D Caruso, ‘The Baby and the Bath Water: The American Critique of European Contract Law’ (2013) 61 American Journal of Comparative Law 479, 491.
- 5.
- 6.
To pick a random example, H-W Micklitz, ‘Rethinking the public/private divide’ in M Maduro, K Tuori and S Sankari (eds), Transnational Law: Rethinking European Law and Legal Thinking (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, forthcoming).
- 7.
E Fox, ‘Chairman Miller, the Federal Trade Commission, Economics and Rashomon’ (1987) 50 Law and Contemporary Problems 33; cf J Mintz, A Auerbach, L Luborsky and M Johnson, ‘Patient’s, Therapist’s and observer’s views of psychotherapy: a ‘Rashomon’ experience or a reasonable consensus?’ (1973) 46 British Journal of Medical Psychology 83.
- 8.
Goldberg, ‘Pragmatism and Private Law’, 1641.
- 9.
- 10.
- 11.
H-W Micklitz, ‘Monistic ideology vs pluralistic reality—on the search of a normative design for European private law’ in L Niglia (ed), Pluralism and European Private Law (Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2013).
- 12.
R Wai, ‘Transnational liftoff and juridical touchdown: The regulatory function of private international law in an era of globalization’ (2002) 40 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 209.
- 13.
e.g. F Partnoy, ‘The Shifting Contours of Global Derivatives Regulation’ (2001) 22 University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law 421, 479 (ISDA standard term contracts for transactions among derivatives dealers).
- 14.
G de Búrca, ‘The European Court of Justice and the International Legal Order After Kadi’ (2010) 51 Harvard Journal of International Law 1; but also P Lugard and M Möllman, ‘A Commitment-a-Day Keeps the Court Away’ (2013) 3 CPI Antitrust Chronicle 1.
- 15.
G Teubner, ‘Global Bukowina: Legal Pluralism in the World Society’ in G Teubner (ed), Global Law Without a State (Dartmouth, Aldershot, 1997).
- 16.
e.g. L Bernstein, ‘Private Commercial Law in the Cotton Industry, Creating Cooperation Through Rules, Norms and Institutions’ (2001) 99 Michigan Law Review 1724.
- 17.
M Taggart, ‘From “Parliamentary Powers” to Privatization: The Chequered History of Delegated Legislation in the Twentieth Century’ (2005) 55 University of Toronto Law Journal 575.
- 18.
see H Schepel, The Constitution of Private Governance (Oxford, Hart, 2005).
- 19.
R van Gestel and H-W Micklitz, ‘European integration through standardization: How judicial review is breaking down the club house of private standardization bodies’ (2013) 50 Common Market Law Review 145, 150.
- 20.
Micklitz, ‘The Visible Hand’, 55–58; M Cantero Gamito, ‘Towards Self-Sufficiency in European Regulatory Private Law: The Case of European Telecommunications Services Law’ in H-W Micklitz and Y Svetiev (eds), Self-Sufficient European regulatory private law: A viable concept? (2012) EUI Law Working Paper 2012-31, (http://hdl.handle.net/1814/24534).
- 21.
F Wieacker, A History of Private Law in Europe (Oxford, Clarendon, 1995) 431.
- 22.
E.g., M Koskenniemi and P Leino, ‘Fragmentation of International Law? Postmodern Anxieties’ (2002) 15 Leiden Journal of International Law 553.
- 23.
J Pauwelyn, ‘Fragmentation of International Law’ in R Wolfrum (ed), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012) 1406.
- 24.
Teubner, ‘Global Bukowina’; A Duval, ‘Lex Sportiva: A Playground for Transnational Law’ (2013) 19 European Law Journal 822.
- 25.
GJ Miller, Managerial Dilemmas: The Political Economy of Hierarchy (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992) 33; also generally A Alchian and H Demsetz, ‘Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization’ (1972) 62 American Economic Review 777.
- 26.
Though note the observation that formal harmonization often tends to disguise persistent divergences related to local context. C Knill and A Lenshow, ‘Compliance, competition, and communication. Different approaches of European governance and their impact on national institutions’ (2005) 48 Journal of Common Market Studies 583.
- 27.
A Fischer-Lescano and G Teubner, ‘Regime-Collisions: The Vain Search for Legal Unity in the Fragmentation of Global Law’ (2004) 25 Michigan Journal of International Law 999.
- 28.
- 29.
c.f. F Cafaggi, A Nicita, and U Pagano, ‘Law, economics and institutional complexity: An introduction’ in F Cafaggi, A Nicita, and U Pagano (eds), Legal Orderings and Economic Institutions (London, Routledge, 2007).
- 30.
C Joerges, P Kjaer and T Ralli, ‘A New Type of Conflicts Law as Constitutional Form in the Post-National Constellation’ (2011) 2 Transnational Legal Theory 153, 154.
- 31.
HE Yntema, ‘The Historic Bases of Private International Law’ (1953) 2 American Journal of Comparative Law 297, 298 (“assum[ing] a certain cosmopolitan respect, or at least tolerance, for foreign conceptions of justice”).
- 32.
but see R Michaels, ‘The functional method of comparative law’ in M Reimann and R Zimmermann (eds), Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006) 342.
- 33.
Yntema, ‘Historic Bases’, 305.
- 34.
e.g. B Currie, ‘The Constitution and the Choice of Law: Governmental Interests and the Judicial Function’ (1958) 26 University of Chicago Law Review 9.
- 35.
e.g. RA Leflar, ‘Choice-Influencing Considerations in Conflicts Law’ (1966) 41 New York University Law Review 267.
- 36.
W Reese, ‘Dépeçage: A Common Phenomenon in Choice of Law’ (1973) 73 Columbia Law Review 58.
- 37.
U Mattei, ‘Efficiency in Legal Transplants: An Essay in Comparative Law and Economics’ (1994) 14 International Review of Law and Economics 3.
- 38.
e.g. R La Porta, F Lopez-de-Silanes and A Shleifer, ‘The economic consequences of legal origin’ (2008) 46 Journal of Economic Literature 285.
- 39.
See generally, R Michaels, ‘Comparative Law by Numbers? Legal Origins Thesis, Doing Business Reports, and the Silence of Traditional Comparative Law’ (2009) 57 American Journal of Comparative Law 765.
- 40.
Joerges et al, ‘A New Type of Conflicts’, 155.
- 41.
ibid; e.g., CU Schmid, ‘Diagonal Competence Conflicts between European Competition Law and National Regulation—A Conflict of Laws Reconstruction of the Dispute on Book Price Fixing’ (2000) 8 European Review of Private Law 155.
- 42.
F Scharpf, ‘The asymmetry of European integration, or why the EU cannot be a “social market economy”?’ (2010) 8 Socio-Economic Review 211.
- 43.
Eg, A Stone Sweet and TL Brunell, ‘Trustee Courts and the Judicialization of International Regimes’ (2013) 1 Journal of Law and Courts 61.
- 44.
see S Frerichs, ‘False Promises? A Sociological Critique of the Behavioural Turn in Law and Economics’ (2011) 34 Journal of Consumer Policy 289.
- 45.
Y Svetiev, ‘W(h)ither private law in face of the regulatory deluge’ in Micklitz and Svetiev (eds), Self-Sufficient European regulatory private law.
- 46.
van Gestel and Micklitz, ‘European Integration through Standardisation’, 149 f.; B van Leeuwen, ‘European Standardisation in Healthcare: Towards Convergence Through Self-Regulation’ in Micklitz and Svetiev (eds), Self-Sufficient European regulatory private law.
- 47.
Compare C Lindblom, ‘The Science of “Muddling Through”’ (1959) 19 Public Administration Review 79.
- 48.
H-W Micklitz, ‘The Unsystematics of a European legal culture’ in G Helleringer and K Purnhagen (eds), Towards a European Legal Culture (Oxford, Hart, forthcoming).
- 49.
c.f. J Cohen and C Sabel, ‘Extra Republicam Nulla Justitia?’ (2005) 34 Philosophy and Public Affairs 147, 149.
- 50.
e.g. S Steinmo, The Evolution of Modern States: Sweden, Japan and the United States (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010).
- 51.
but see C Sabel and J Zeitlin, ‘Learning from difference: The new architecture of experimentalist governance in the EU’ (2008) 14 European Law Journal 271.
- 52.
see SACM Lavrijssen and AT Ottow, ‘Independent Supervisory Authorities: a Fragile Concept’ (2012) 39 Legal Issues of Economic Integration 419.
- 53.
Dir 2013/11/EU on alternative dispute resolution for consumer disputes (Directive on consumer ADR); Reg (EU) No 524/2013 on online dispute resolution for consumer disputes (Regulation on consumer ODR).
- 54.
Reg (EU) No 1025/2012 on European standardisation.
- 55.
J Weiler, ‘The Transformation of Europe’ (1991) 100 Yale Law Journal 2403, 2468.
- 56.
CU Schmid, ‘The Instrumentalist Conception of the Acquis Communautaire in Consumer Law and its Implications on a European Contract Law Code’ (2005) 1 European Review of Contract Law 211, 225 (“the effet utile of market integration is placed above all—including above justice among the parties”).
- 57.
ibid 225 f.
- 58.
Given the dynamism of normative change in many of the relevant law-producing settings, it seems even mere collection and pruning would be quite difficult, if not meaningless.
- 59.
T Wilhelmsson, ‘Varieties of Welfarism in European Contract Law’ (2004) 10 European Law Journal 712, 732 f. Both national and sectoral variability is a relevant obstacle. To take an example at random, tenants might require very different contractual protections depending on the current state of the housing market and leasing practices typical in different settings.
- 60.
Proposal for a Regulation on a Common European Sales Law, COM(2011) 635 final.
- 61.
e.g. S Grundmann and W Kerber, ‘An Optional European Contract Law Code—Advantages and disadvantages’ (2005) 21 European Journal of Law and Economics 215.
- 62.
A Hagiu and J Wright, ‘Multi-Sided Platforms’ (2011) HBS Working Paper 12-024 http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Publication%20Files/12-024.pdf.
- 63.
De Búrca, ‘The ECJ and the International Legal Order’, 43 f.
- 64.
BVerfG, 29/5/1974, 37 Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts 271; BVerfG, 22/10/1986, 73 Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts 339.
- 65.
CF Sabel and O Gerstenberg, ‘Constitutionalising an Overlapping Consensus: The ECJ and the Emergence of a Coordinate Constitutional Order’ (2010) 16 European Law Journal 511.
- 66.
See for example the relationship between the Dutch competition authority and the Dutch Association of Travel Agents and Tour Operators (ANVR). NMa, Dutch travel trade association must amend its General Agency Conditions (1 May, 2012).
- 67.
see B Kas, ‘Reshaping the Boundaries of the Enforcement of European Social Regulation: Unitas in Diversitate—the Construction of a Hybrid Relationship’ (in particular the reconstruction of the case of C-237/07 Janecek v Freistaat Bayern [2008] ECR I-6221); Guido Comparato, ‘Behind Judicial Resistance to European Private Law’, both in Micklitz and Svetiev (eds), Self-Sufficient European regulatory private law: A viable concept?
- 68.
E Brousseau and JM Glachant, ‘Regulators as Reflexive Governance Platforms’ (2011) 12 Competition and Regulation in Network Industries 194.
- 69.
Ibid.
- 70.
P Cameron, Competition in Energy Markets: Law and Regulation in the European Union (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007) 101.
- 71.
Ibid, 102.
- 72.
E Bohne, ‘Conflicts between national regulatory cultures and EU energy regulations’ (2011) 19 Utilities Policy 255, 260, 264 (regulatory complexity itself can foreclose participation by certain groups).
- 73.
Ibid, 265 f.
- 74.
The mere presence of public authorities does not in itself guarantee that an alternative attitude to transparency would prevail. E.g., CJEU, judgment of 6/6/2013, Case C-536/11 Bundeswettbewerbsbehörde v Donau Chemie AG, not yet reported.
- 75.
Bohne, ‘Conflicts between national regulatory cultures’, 264 f., highlights the importance of informal negotiations in the energy sector.
- 76.
AT Ottow, Erosion or Innovation? The Institutional Design of Competition Agencies—A Dutch Case Study (unpublished manuscript, 2013).
- 77.
A move that apparently was contrary to the experts’ advice offered to the Dutch Ministry. K Yesilkagit, ‘To Merge or Not to Merge: The Institutional Re-design of Telecoms Regulation in the Netherlands’ in D Aubin and K Verhoest (eds), Multilevel Regulation in Telecommunications: Adaptive Regulatory Arrangements in Belgium, Ireland, the Netherlands, and Switzerland (Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, forthcoming).
- 78.
c.f. Y Svetiev, ‘Antitrust Law and Development Policy: Subordination, Self-Sufficiency or Integration?’ (2013) 4 European Yearbook of International Economic Law 223.
- 79.
Ottow, ‘Erosion or Innovation’.
- 80.
DA Hyman and WE Kovacic, ‘Competition Agencies with Complex Policy Portfolios; Divide or Conquer?’ (2013) GWU Law School Public Law Research Paper No 2012-70.
- 81.
Analysis by the Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets (ACM) of the planned agreement on closing down coal power plants from the 1980s as part of the Social and Economic Council of the Netherlands’ SER Energieakkoord.
- 82.
see also above n. 66.
- 83.
Thus, it may be viewed as an example of ‘regulatory private law’ in its instruments, as well as its goals.
- 84.
In fact, the tool has been frequently used in the context of private standard-setting efforts, including sports leagues and technology standard-setting. S Rab et al, ‘Commitments in EU Competition Cases’ (2010) 1 Journal of European Competition Law and Practice 171, 176–180.
- 85.
e.g. F Wagner-von Papp, ‘Best and Even Better Practices in Commitment Procedures After Alrosa: The Dangers of Abandoning the “Struggle for Competition Law”’ (2012) 49 Common Market Law Review 929.
- 86.
Y Svetiev, ‘Settling or Learning Through Commitments?’, EUI Law Working Paper (forthcoming).
- 87.
See Art 27(4) of Reg 1/2003 (publication for market testing).
- 88.
See Art 14(1) of Reg 1/2003 (review of decisions by the Advisory Committee on Restrictive Practices and Dominant Positions).
- 89.
COMP/39.386– Contrats Long Terme France (EDF) (17.03.2010) par. 51.
- 90.
See Art 101(3) TFEU.
- 91.
e.g. M Motta, Competition Policy (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004) 15–17.
- 92.
see Wagner-von Papp, ‘Best and Even Better’.
- 93.
Svetiev, ‘Settling or Learning’.
- 94.
E.g., B Tamanaha, ‘Understanding Legal Pluralism: Past to Present, Local to Global’ (2008) 30 Sydney Law Review 375.
- 95.
c.f. L Azoulai ‘The Court of Justice and the Social Market Economy. The emergence of an ideal and the conditions for its realization’ (2009) 45 Common Market Review 1335.
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Svetiev, Y. (2014). European Regulatory Private Law: From Conflicts to Platforms. In: Purnhagen, K., Rott, P. (eds) Varieties of European Economic Law and Regulation. Studies in European Economic Law and Regulation, vol 3. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04903-8_8
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