Abstract
The refurbishment of building opaque envelope represents an important approach for the reduction in global European energy consumption as prescribed by the Directive 2010/31/EU. Therefore, the knowledge of existing housing stock and their hygrothermal behaviour is necessary to define effective energy conservation measures. In this chapter, starting from the definition of the main thermal and hygrometrical parameters, a systematic analysis of the most common wall typologies in European construction is carried out for the definition of a structure catalogue. Moreover, for a set of envelope insulation interventions, the hygrothermal behaviour is evaluated and some diagrams for the assessment of the optimal intervention are defined. Finally, the incidence in terms of energy performance is tested considering a case study.
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Abbreviations
- A f :
-
Internal floor area of the conditioned space (m2)
- EPgl :
-
Global energy performance index (EPH + EPw) [kWh/(m2 year)]
- EPH,env :
-
Energy performance index in the heating season for building envelope [kWh/(m2 year)]
- EPH :
-
Energy performance index in the heating season [kWh/(m2 year)]
- f a :
-
Decrement factor (–)
- L :
-
Thickness (cm)
- M s :
-
Specific mass (kg/m2)
- Q H,gn :
-
Total heat gains for the heating mode (MJ)
- Q H,ht :
-
Total heat transfer for the heating mode (MJ)
- Q H,nd :
-
Building energy need for continuous heating (MJ)
- Q int :
-
Sum of internal heat gains (MJ)
- Q l,e :
-
Emission subsystem thermal losses (MJ)
- Q sol :
-
Sum of solar heat gains over the given period (MJ)
- Q tr :
-
Total heat transfer by transmission (MJ)
- Q ve :
-
Total heat transfer by ventilation (MJ)
- R :
-
Thermal resistance (m2K/W)
- S:
-
Time shift (h)
- U :
-
Thermal transmittance [W/(m2 K)]
- Y ie :
-
Dynamic thermal transmittance [W/(m2K)]
- ϕ int :
-
Heat gains from internal heat sources (W)
- η e :
-
Emission subsystem efficiency (–)
- η H,gn :
-
Gain utilization factor (–)
- \( \eta_{y\lambda } \) :
-
Heating system global efficiency (–)
- ρ:
-
Density (kg/m3)
- c :
-
Heat capacity [J/(kg K)]
- λ:
-
Thermal conductivity [W/(m K)]
- \( \upkappa_{\text{i}} \) :
-
Areal heat capacity [kJ/(m2 K)]
References
Corrado V, Ballarini I, Corgnati S, Talà N (2010) Use of building typologies for energy performance assessment of national building stocks, existent experiences in European countries and common approach, First TABULA Synthesis Report. Available from: http://www.building-typology.eu/existent-concepts.html
Magrini A, Magnani L, Pernetti R (2012) The effort to bring existing buildings towards the A class: a discussion on the application of calculation methodologies. Appl Energy 97:438–450
Magrini A, Magnani L, Pernetti R (2011) Analysis of the thermal control system incidence on the energy performance in building refurbishment strategies. 48° AiCARR international conference: energy refurbishment of existing buildings: which solutions for an integrated system, envelope, plant, control. Baveno, 22–23 September 2011
European Project EPISCOPE (2013–2016) Energy performance indicator tracking schemes for the continuous optimisation of refurbishment processes in European housing stocks
European Project Cost C16 (2003–2007) Improving the quality of existing urban building envelopes
European Project INVESTIMMO (2001–2004) A decision-making tool for long-term efficient investment strategies in housing maintenance and refurbishment
Magrini A (2013) Soluzioni per l’isolamento termico di edifici esistenti. Esempi di analisi termica e verifica igrometrica delle pareti (Thermal insulation of existing buildings. Examples of thermal analysis and hygrometric assessment of walls). EPC Editore, Rome
Reference Standards
CEN: Hygrothermal performance of building components and building elements: internal surface temperature to avoid critical surface humidity and interstitial condensation—calculation methods, EN ISO 13788:2013, European Committee for Standardization
CEN: Building materials and products: hygrothermal properties, Tabulated design values and procedures for determining declared and design thermal values, EN ISO 10456: 2008, European Committee for Standardization
CEN: Building components and building elements—Thermal resistance and thermal transmittance, EN ISO 6946: 2008, European Committee for Standardization
CEN: Energy performance of buildings—calculation of energy use for space heating and cooling, EN ISO 13790:2008, European Committee for Standardization
CEN: Thermal bridges in building construction—heat flows and surface temperatures—detailed calculations. EN ISO 10211: 2008, European Committee for Standardization
CEN: Thermal performance of building components—dynamic thermal characteristics—calculation methods, EN ISO 13786:2008, European Committee for Standardization
European Union: Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of December 16th, 2002 on the energy performance of buildings. Official Journal of the European Communities, 4 January 2003
European Union: Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of May 19th, 2010 on the energy performance of buildings (recast). Official Journal of the European Union, 18 June 2010
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Magrini, A., Magnani, L., Pernetti, R. (2014). Opaque Building Envelope. In: Magrini, A. (eds) Building Refurbishment for Energy Performance. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03074-6_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03074-6_1
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