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Simulating Patagonian Territoriality in Prehistory: Space, Frontiers and Networks Among Hunter-Gatherers

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Agent-based Modeling and Simulation in Archaeology

Part of the book series: Advances in Geographic Information Science ((AGIS))

Abstract

In the last 40 years, the very idea of ethnicity has evolved from a static and essentialist classification of human groups according to their immutable “nature” to a relational frame of reference used by groups of people to consider themselves “similar” or to be explicitly differentiated by others. Nevertheless, the growing importance of variability analysis of mitochondrial DNA and other biological markers in modern prehistoric studies, with their emphasis on the identification of geographic patterns in genetic and phenotypic diversity of prehistoric populations is going in the opposite direction, as if the existence of genetic variability in the past would be comparable to what is inferred about cultural variation in the present. In this paper we have built a computer simulation of economic processes causing social aggregation, territoriality and ethnogenesis among Patagonian hunter-gatherers. We argue that cultural similarity and the constriction of groups to a restricted geographical area are not necessarily ethnic markers. Our model suggests that the more inter-generational knowledge transmission among socially aggregated individuals in the past, the greater the similarity in the social activity performed by agents in the present, and the same for their territoriality and the way frontiers and social networks were negotiated. Our computer simulation intends to answer the question “Why did human groups modify their traditional residence mobility and dispersal patterns?” In ancient Patagonia, at the extreme south of South America, from 12,000 BC until nineteenth century AD, this social transformation seems to coincide with slow changes in subsistence economy and technology. However, there are historical and archaeological sources that suggest this process was related with increased social complexity: wars and conflicts between different indigenous groups would have preceded this new scenario, even before European contact.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Musters (1872–1873) wrote that “tsoneka” was the etnonym these people gave to themselves (Musters 1964 [1872–1873]). He was mistaken, because the work derives from aónik’o ais language: tshontk‘  = ch’óon(e)k(e) (Casamiquela 1965, p. 22).

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Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge to Kerstin Kowarik and to Gabriel Wurzer for their invitation to contribute to this volume.

Special thanks are due to J.M. Galán and J.I. Santos (Universidad de Burgos) and J.A. Cuesta (Universidad Carlos III-Madrid) who made an important contribution in designing parts of the original algorithm that inspired the current computer implementation. Julio Vezub and Eduardo Moreno (CENPAT. CONICET. Argentina) help us with Patagonian ethnoarchaeological data.

This research has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, through Grant No.HAR2012-31036 awarded to J.A. Barceló and Project CSD2010-00034 “Social and environmental transitions: Simulating the past to understand human behavior (SimulPast)” (CONSOLIDER-INGENIO 2010 program by Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, see: http://www.simulpast.es). X. Vilà acknowledges financial support from grant ECO2008-04756 (Grupo Consolidado-C) from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and from grant SGR2009-0578 of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Francisco J. Miguel also acknowledges the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation financial support from Grant No. CSO2012-31401 (R+D+i project)

Special thanks to two anonymous reviewers and to David Uwakwe for his comments and suggestions for improving the correctness and clarity of our text.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Joan A. Barceló, Florencia Del Castillo, Francisco J. Miguel Quesada & Xavier Vilà

  2. Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain

    Ricardo Del Olmo

  3. Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain

    Laura Mameli

  4. Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain

    David Poza

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Correspondence to Joan A. Barceló .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Digital Architecture and Planning (E259.1), Institute of Architectural Sciences, Vienna, Wien, Austria

    Gabriel Wurzer

  2. Prehistory, Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Wien, Austria

    Kerstin Kowarik

  3. Prehistory, Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Wien, Austria

    Hans Reschreiter

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Barceló, J.A. et al. (2015). Simulating Patagonian Territoriality in Prehistory: Space, Frontiers and Networks Among Hunter-Gatherers. In: Wurzer, G., Kowarik, K., Reschreiter, H. (eds) Agent-based Modeling and Simulation in Archaeology. Advances in Geographic Information Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00008-4_10

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