Abstract
Market-based integration is simple: Do whatever you want, the rest is up to the market. This model of the individual and its relation to others best suits the logic of the consumer society ?self-orientation and short-termism. Sustainability and long-term planning includes the respect of others, the environment, and the next generations and is not simply motivated by economic reflections, but looks for a just repartition of construction power over time. In this chapter I describe the elements we should be aware of if we want to take equal freedom seriously and avoid exclusionary mechanisms that will lead to violent clashes. These elements reflect the afore-presented idea of mutual dependence and support and highlight a cooperative form of interaction.
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References
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BVerfG, 1 BvL 1/09 vom 9.2.2010, Absatz-Nr. 1: “Das Grundrecht auf Gewährleistung eines menschenwürdigen Existenzminimums aus Article 1 Section 1 GG in Verbindung mit dem Sozialstaatsprinzip des Article 20 Section 1 GG sichert jedem Hilfebedürftigen diejenigen materiellen Voraussetzungen zu, die für seine physische Existenz und für ein Mindestmaß an Teilhabe am gesellschaftlichen, kulturellen und politischen Leben unerlässlich sind.”
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Nichols states that “the governor has made his budget decisions not with an eye toward fiscal responsibility, but with an eye toward rewarding his political benefactors” (Nichols, John [2011]). Do the $140 million tax breaks for multinational corporations engineered by Walker have to be compensated by the workers and the rights of unions to defend their interests? There seems to be a broad GOP attack against unions. The majority of House Republicans voted in February 2011 to slash the funding of the NLRB (National Labor Relations Board) by one-third. According to Meyersohn, they go in a generalized way against the unions because they “remain the most effective part of the Democratic coalition in turning out minority voters come election time and in getting working-class Whites to vote Democratic. As such, they are the linchpin of progressive change in America. Taking them off the political map isn’t about budgets. It’s about removing a check on right-wing and business power in America” (Meyersohn, Harald ([2011]). Walker’s bill intends to eliminate most collective bargaining for public employees and would strip the unions of their financial means. They would no longer be entitled to deduct dues from the payroll and would lose their right to require members to pay dues (See Legislative Reference Bureau [2011], pp. 1 f.).
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The way I use “middle class” here is not a description of the reality. I just want to point out the problems a community has, when to many people have problems to make ends meet. See Bosc, Serge (2008), pp. 29, 109 f., about the heterogeneity of what is called “middle class”.
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Quoted in American Labor Studies Center (2010)
At the expense of the middle class and the poor, so Bosc, Serge (2008), pp. 92, 98.
Hacker, Jacob S./ Pierson, Paul (2010), p. 20
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Id., p. 15, call it the “over-consumption myth”.
Frank, Robert H. (2007), p. 45: “[Parents] can either send their children to a school of average quality by purchasing a house that is larger and more expensive than they can comfortably afford, or they can buy a smaller house that is within their budget and send their children to a below-average school.”
Warren, Elizabeth/ Warren Tyagi, Amelia (2003), p. 23, 28
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France, Anatole (1894), Chap. 7, § 118, p. 81: “Cela consiste pour les pauvres à soutenir et à conserver les riches dans leur puissance et leur oisiveté. Ils y doivent travailler devant la majestueuse égalité des lois, qui interdit au riche comme au pauvre de coucher sous les ponts, de mendier dans les rues et de voler du pain. C’est un des bienfaits de la Révolution. Comme cette révolution a été faite par des fous et des imbéciles au profit des acquéreurs de biens nationaux et qu’elle n’aboutit en somme qu’à l’enrichissement des paysans madrés et des bourgeois usuriers, elle éleva, sous le nom d’égalité, l’empire de la richesse.”
Boston Legal, Season 2, Episode 19, 21’
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Grasso, Piero (2010)
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Green, E.H.H. (2002), p. 290: “[...] the emphasis on market relations which had informed much of the political, economic, and social agenda of the 1980s and 1990s appeared to have brought about the possibility of [...] a fracturing of social cohesion.”
Twenge, Jean M./ Foster, Joshua D. (2010), p. 103
Nassehi, Armin (2004), p. 31
Keupp, Heiner (1992), p. 109
Headey, Bruce/ Muffels, Ruud/ Wagner, Gert G. (2010), p. 3
Meyer, Thomas (1994), p. 67
Frankenberg, Günter (1994), pp. 222 f.
Hondrich, Karl Otto/ Koch-Arzberger, Claudia (1992), pp. 119 f.
Bauman, Zygmunt (1995), p. 21
Morin, Edgar (2008), p. 48
Plumelle-Uribe, Rosa Amelia (2001), p. 23
Id., p. 29
Id., p. 137
Id., p. 30
Elkins, Stanley M. (1959), p. 37
Blackburn, Robin (1998), p. 38
Id., p. 42: “Islamic law went [even] further and prohibited the enslavement of Christians and Jews so long as they were living peaceably under Islamic rule, and paying a special tribute.”
Schulze, Hans K. (1998), p. 58
Blackburn, Robin (1998), p. 62–76
Blackburn, Robin (1998), p. 83
Sala-Molins, Louis (2005), p. 66
Id., p. 69
According to Fogel, Robert William/ Engerman, Stanley L. (1974), p. 17, about 117’000 Blacks were imported from 1451 to 1550.
Blackburn, Robin (1998), p. 103
Taylor, Alan (2001), p. 51, 59
Blackburn, Robin (1998), p. 132
Taylor, Alan (2001), p. 476
He also criticized the cruelties of slavery in general: “Are these people the children of Adam and Eve? Were not these souls redeemed by the blood of Christ? Are not these bodies born and do they not die as ours do? Do they not breath the same air? Are they not covered by the same sky? Are they not warmed by the same sun?” Addressing the masters, he asks: “[...] your slaves, why must you sell them too, putting your lust for gold... ahead of their salvation?” Vieira invokes even a right to resist: “If the master orders the slave to do something, or wants from a slave anything that gravely harms his soul and conscience, the slave is not obliged to obey”. (Cited in Blackburn, Robin [1998], p. 209).
Finzsch, Norbert/ Horton, James O./ Horton Lois E. (1999), pp. 56 f.
Taylor, Alan (2001), p. 120
Id., p. 133
Id., p. 143
Fogel, Robert William/ Engerman, Stanley L. (1974), pp. 67 ff., 129, 199
Blackburn, Robin (1998), p. 339
Fogel, Robert William/ Engerman, Stanley L. (1974), p. 4
Farrow, Anne/ Lang, Joel/ Frank, Jenifer (2006), p. XXIX: “The nation’s wealth, from the very beginning, depended upon the exploitation of black people on three continents.”
Blackburn, Robin (1998), p. 376
Morgan, Kenneth (2007), p. 36
Blackburn, Robin (1998), p. 396
Blackburn, Robin (1998), pp. 542 f.
Farrow, Anne/ Lang, Joel/ Frank, Jenifer (2006), p. 10
Fogel, Robert William/ Engerman, Stanley L. (1974), p. 44
Finzsch, Norbert/ Horton, James O./ Horton Lois E. (1999), p. 163
Taylor, Alan (2001), p. 325
Morgan, Kenneth (2007), p. 71
Taylor, Alan (2001), pp. 323 f.
Farrow, Anne/ Lang, Joel/ Frank, Jenifer (2006), p. 98
Quoted in Taylor, Alan (2001), p. 327
Plumelle-Uribe, Rosa Amelia (2001), p. 36
Taylor, Alan (2001), pp. 38 f., 43, 52 ff., 63 ff.
Morgan, Kenneth (2007), p. 12
Kolchin, Peter (2003), p. 22
Morgan, Kenneth (2007), p. 34
Elkins, Stanley M. (1959), p. 49
Morris, Thomas D. (1996), p. 13
Hening, William Waller (1819), 3:252
Morris, Thomas D. (1996), pp. 66 f., 71
Id., p. 80
Id., p. 81
Id., pp. 2 f.
Taylor, Alan (2001), p. 330
Blackburn, Robin (1998), p. 251; Morris, Thomas D. (1996), pp. 163 f.
Taylor, Alan (2001), p. 213
Sloane, Hans (1706), p. LVII
Sala-Molins, Louis (2005), pp. 170 f.
Plumelle-Uribe, Rosa Amelia (2001), p. 63
See about this religious argument used to justify slavery Sala-Molins, Louis (2005), pp. 21 ff., 35 ff.
Smith, Mark E. (2006), p. 12; see also p. 43.
Id., p. 23; see also p. 46.
Morris, Thomas D. (1996), p. 18
Morgan, Kenneth (2007), p. 22
Renan, Ernest (1871), pp. 93 f.
Locke, John (1824), Book I, Chapter 1, § 1, p. 4
Id., Book II, Chapter 2, § 4, pp. 131 f.
Id., Book II, Chapter 7, § 85, p. 179; see also Book II, Chapter 16, § 179.
Id., Book II, Chapter 6, § 63, p. 165
According to Lock, the chief end of civil society is the “preservation of property” (Locke, John [1824], Book II, Chapter 7, § 85, p. 179).
Farr, James (1986), pp. 268 f.
Id., p. 282
Jefferson, Thomas (1853), Query 14, p. 155
Blackburn, Robin (1998), p. 359
Plumelle-Uribe, Rosa Amelia (2001), p. 163
Kolchin, Peter (2003), p. 8
Blackburn, Robin (1998), p. 468
Kolchin, Peter (2003), pp. 90 f.
Taylor, Alan (2001), p. 140, 157
Blackburn, Robin (1998), p. 323
Finzsch, Norbert/ Horton, James O./ Horton Lois E. (1999), pp. 270 f.
Kolchin, Peter (2003), p. 111
Schoelcher, Victor (1998 [1842]), p. 86
Finzsch, Norbert/ Horton, James O./ Horton Lois E. (1999), pp. 194 f. Plumelle-Uribe, Rosa Amelia (2001), p. 57: “[...] barbary leads inevitably to a culture of destruction.”
Fogel, Robert William/ Engerman, Stanley L. (1974), p. 150
Farrow, Anne/ Lang, Joel/ Frank, Jenifer (2006), p. XXV 87 Farrow, Anne/Lang, Joel/Frank, Jenifer (2006), p. 13 88 Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1971), p. 420
Farrow, Anne/ Lang, Joel/ Frank, Jenifer (2006), p. 55
Greene, Lorenzo Johnston (1942), p. 30
Finzsch, Norbert/ Horton, James O./ Horton Lois E. (1999), p. 59
Writing about the antebellum situation, Fogel et al. write: “For Blacks, the alternative to slavery was not freedom, but [...]’ quasi-freedom’” (Fogel, Robert William/ Engerman, Stanley L. [1974], p. 150).
Kolchin, Peter (2003), p. 236
Fogel, Robert William/ Engerman, Stanley L. (1974), p. 261
Myrdal, Gunnar (1996), p. 222
Benhabib, Seyla (1989), p. 468
Rödel, Ulrich/ Frankenberg, Günter/ Dubiel, Helmut (1989), p. 177
Bauman, Zygmunt (1995), pp. 113 ff., 116
Kronauer, Martin (2002), p. 210
Sennett, Richard (2003), p. 3; see also p. 46.
Higham, John (1984), p. 23
Frisch, Max (1965), p. 7
Zhou, Min/ Bankston, Carl L. III (1998), p. 10, 74
Id., p. 72
Skinner, Benjamin E. (2008), p. 17
Id., p. 329
ILO (2009), p. 1
Skinner, Benjamin E. (2008), p. 328
Terray, Emmanuel (2004), p. 121
ILO (2009), p. 5
McQuade, Aidan (2008), p. 10
Newman, Alizabeth (1992), p. 114
French, Marilyn (1992), p. 51
Honneth, Axel (1992), p. 148, 111
Honneth, Axel (1994), p. 90; Honneth, Axel (1992), p. 152
Honneth, Axel (1992), p. 219
Neckel, Sighard (1999), p. 161
Todorov, Tzvetan (1996), p. 111
Schroer, Markus (2000), pp. 446 f.
Babka von Gostomski, Christian (2003), p. 255
Scheerer, Sebastian (2002), p. 138
Kleger, Heinz (1993), pp. 395 ff.
Rufer, Marc (1988), p. 99
Amendt, Gerhard/ Schwarz, Michael (1990), p. 143
Sartre, Jean-Paul (1943), p. 584
Pamuk, Orhan (2005), p. 476
Heitmeyer, Wilhelm (1997), p. 30
Forrester, Viviane (1997), p. 14
Id., p. 81
Kronauer, Martin (2002), pp. 151 f.
Sennett, Richard (1998), p. 146
Sackmann, Rosemarie (2004), p. 95
Id., p. 117
Taylor, Charles (1992), p. 28
Sen, Amartya (2006), p. 16
Keupp, Heiner (1992), p. 100
Beck-Gernsheim, Elisabeth (2004), p. 102
In this sense see Sen, Amartya (2006), p. 112
About these fundamental changes see Schulze, Hagen (1994), pp. 163 f.
Guéhenno, Jean-Marie (1994), p. 24
Kaschuba, Wolfgang (1993), p. 253
Beck-Gernsheim, Elisabeth (2004), p. 197
Glotz, Peter (1992), pp. 35 f.
Neue Zürcher Zeitung of April 20, 2009, p. 13
Conseil d’Etat (2004), p. 245, 272
Id., pp. 274 f.
Id., p. 264
Id., pp. 276 f.
Id., pp. 338 f.
Altschull, Elizabeth (1995), pp. 57, 72 f., 121 ff.
Leggewie, Claus (1993), p. 85
Gaspard, Françoise/ Khosrokhavar, Farhad (1995), pp. 54 ff. 59
Id., pp. 34 ff.
Id., p. 37
Id., p. 38
Id., p. 45
Id., p. 47. Béji sees the scarf as a critic against certain modern developments, against to much of freedom, against the over-sexualization of all areas of life (Béji, Hélé [2011], p. 15).
Conseil d’Etat (2004), pp. 249 ff.
Bohnet, Iris/ Frey, Bruno S. (1994), p. 459
Id., p. 460
Schmitt, Carl (1933), pp. 7 f.
Id., pp. 9 f.
Id., p. 13
Id., p. 28
Id., p. 51
Id., p. 25
Id., pp. 42 f.
Id., pp. 46 ff.
Huntington, Samuel P. (1998), p. 29
Id., p. 42, 47
Id., pp. 45 ff.
Id., p. 29
Id., p. 30
Id., p. 32, 129
Id., p. 130
Czempiel, Ernst-Otto (2003), p. 120. See also Kandil, Fuad (2000), p. 138; Haug, Wolfang (2003), p. 16
Scheerer, Sebastian (2002), p. 108, 136, 139
Kandil, Fuad (2000), p. 129
Id., p. 131
Lueg, Andrea (1993), p. 21
Id., p. 22. See also Bishara, Azmi (1993), p. 140. Heine states, that of the around 1,5 billion Muslims on the world, 1 to 2 % are expected to be fundamentalists (Heine, Peter [2010]).
Lueg, Andrea (1993), p. 24
Hippler, Jochen (1993), p. 143
Sen, Amartya (2006), pp. 46 ff.
Meyer, Jeffrey F. (2001), pp. 53 f.
Arendt, Hannah (1987), p. 15
Mauss, Marcel (1990), pp. 25, 33
Id., p. 36
Fiske, John (2005), p. 66
Bunker, Nick (2010), p. 85
Id., p. 75
Quoted in Fiske, John (2005), p. 69
Id., p. 74
Philbrick, Nathaniel (2006), p. 17
Bunker, Nick (2010), pp. 219 ff.
Id., pp. 285 f.
Philbrick, Nathaniel (2006), p. 119
Bunker, Nick (2010), p. 327
Philbrick, Nathaniel (2006), pp. 149, 153
Id., p. 155. See also p. 149 and 153. Miles Standish was the first Commander of the Plymouth Colony militia.
Bunker, Nick (2010), p. 318, 322; Fiske, John (2005), p. 121; Philbrick, Nathaniel (2006), p. 203
Newell, Margaret Ellen (1998), pp. 24 f.
Philbrick, Nathaniel (2006), p. 174
Fiske, John (2005), pp. 141 f.
Bremer, Francis J./ Botelho, Lynn (2005), p. 9
Hart, James S./ Ross, Richard J. (2005), p. 265
Morgan, Edmund S. (1966), p. 18
Durst Johnson, Claudia (2002), p. 88
Morgan, Edmund S. (1966), p. 19
Durst Johnson, Claudia (2002), p. 60
Bremer, Francis J. (2005), p. 210
Innes, Stephen (1995), pp. 31 f.
Morgan, Edmund S. (1966), p. 45
Id., pp. 47 f.
Peterson, Mark A. (2005), p. 87
Godbeer, Richard (2005), p. 297
Innes, Stephen (1995), p. 43
Id., p. 166
Newell, Margaret Ellen (1998), p. 7
Valeri, Mark (2005), p. 151. See also p. 159. And p. 161: “Ministers preached with remarkable consistency against self-serving business practices.”
Newell, Margaret Ellen (1998), p. 8
Innes, Stephen (1995), p. 6
Id., pp. 24 f., 7
Morgan, Edmund S. (1966), p. 27
Collinson, Patrick (1967), p. 356
LaPlante, Eve (2004), p. 43
Decision of the General Court of Massachusetts in 1642, quoted in: Hall, David D./ Walsham, Alexandra (2005), p. 352.
Durst Johnson, Claudia (2002), p. 26
Morgan, Edmund S. (1966), pp. 133, 143, 185
Innes, Stephen (1995), p. 13
Durst Johnson, Claudia (2002), p. 35
Id., p. 36
Bremer, Francis J. (2005), p. 196. The same accounts for many of the elements of government in New England copying familiar English forms (see p. 224).
Innes, Stephen (1995), p. 161
Jehlen, Myra/ Warner, Michael (ed.) (1997), pp. 444 f.
Boyer, Paul S./ Clark, Clifford et al. (2010), p. 49
Valeri, Mark (2005), p. 149
Morgan, Edmund S. (1966), p. 26
Peterson, Mark A. (2005), p. 85
Fiske, John (2005), p. 182
Taylor, Alan (2001), p. 197
von Til, L. John (1972), p. 57; see also p. 69.
Id., p. 73
LaPlante, Eve (2004), p. 7
Id., p. 191
Id., p. xxi, 133
Philbrick, Nathaniel (2006), p. 198
Abbot, William W. (1975), pp. 18 f.
Morton, Richard L. (1960), p. 7
Earle, Carville V. (1979), pp. 106 ff.
Id., p. 122
Vaughan, Alden T. (1978), p. 84
Miller, Lee (2000), pp. 218, 222
Hatch, Charles E. (1957), p. 12
Morton, Richard L. (1960), p. 40
Written in 1585 by Richard Hakluyt, English geographer and writer, quoted in: Vaughan, Alden T. (1978), p. 58
Id., p. 62
Manahan, Karen B. (2011)
Quoted in Manahan, Karen B. (2011)
Morton, Richard L. (1960), p. 86
Id., p. 95
Abbot, William W. (1975), p. 8
Id., p. 22
Innes, Stephen (1995), p. 78: “For Smith, the lust for present profit was what destroyed the Virginia Company. [...]. Immediate rather than long-term returns on investments of time or money were sought and no sense of working for the greater collective good was recognized.”
Abbot, William W. (1975), p. 32
Shammas, Carole (1979), p. 279
Abbot, William W. (1975), p. 41
Horn, James (1979), p. 51
Bullock, William (1649), p. 14
Walsh, Lorena S. (1979), p. 127
Horn, James (1979), p. 62: “For every female servant who left London for Virginia in 1635, there were six males.” Green Carr, Lois/Menard, Russell R. (1979), p. 209: “The proportion of women among immigrants doubled by the 1650s and continued to increase slowly thereafter, but men still outnumbered women by about two and a half to one among new arrivals at the end of the century. “
Morton, Richard L. (1960), p. 166, 168; Jordan, David W. (1979), p. 269
Shammas, Carole (1979), p. 294. Robert Beverley wrote “The History and present State of Virginia”.
Jordan, David W. (1979), p. 243
McKenna, George (2007), p. 7: “They managed to envisage an America long before there was a United States of America. America is a work of the imagination as much as it is a juridical entity, and it was their imagination that played the seminal role in creating it.”
Sztompka, Piotr (1995), p. 255
Petermann, Franz (1996), p. 43, highlights the risk, that sharing information in a competitive setup can be.
Hartmann, Martin (2001), p. 34
Endress, Martin (2002), p. 29
Petermann, Franz (1996), p. 12; Offe, Claus (2001), p. 258
Gambetta, Diego (2001), p. 215
Arrow, Kenneth J. (1974), p. 23
Osterloh, Margit/ Weibel, Antoinette (2006), pp. 214 f.
Id., pp. 132 f.
Brinkman, Ulrich/ Seifert, Matthias (2001), p. 43
Endress, Martin (2002), p. 75
Moradiellos, Enrique (2000), p. 110
Arranz, Luis/ Cabrera, Mercedes/ Del Rey, Fernando (2000), p. 205
Tusell, Javier/ Queipo de Llano, Genoveva (2000), p. 220
Franco perceived the closing of the Academy of Saragossa as “motivated by jealousy of his impressive military record, and a personal spite” (Ashford Hodges, Gabrielle [2000], p. 66).
Ellwood, Shelagh (1994), p. 41
Id., p. 45
Richards, Michael (1998), p. 3
Martin, Claude (1995), p. 56
Id., p. 100
Ellwood, Shelagh (1994), p. 56
Ashford Hodges, Gabrielle (2000), p. 105
Ashford Hodges, Gabrielle (2000), p. 112
Cazorla Sánchez, Antonio (2010), p. 4
Richards, Michael (1998), p. 4
Id., p. 27: “[...] a persistent and explicit denial of reconciliation or integration.”
Id., p. 47
Cazorla Sánchez, Antonio (2010), p. 22
Ellwood, Shelagh (1994), p. 113
Preston, Paul (1993), p. 464
Richards, Michael (1998), p. 11
Cazorla Sánchez, Antonio (2010), p. 28
The number of killed and injured people is often debated (Martin, Claude [1995], p. 131). What isn’t questioned, however, is the important negative effect the bombing of a city (among others) had on the international reputation of the regime.
Preston, Paul (1993), p. 273
Id., p. 323
Richards, Michael (1998), p. 21
Preston, Paul (1993), p. 578
Ashford Hodges, Gabrielle (2000), p. 210
Cazorla Sánchez, Antonio (2010), p. 137
MarÍn Arce, José MarÍa (2003), pp. 73 f.
Ellwood, Shelagh (1994), p. 184, 190
Id., p. 187
Preston, Paul (2004), p. 214
De Vilallonga, José Luis (1993), p. 79
Id., p. 224
Cazorla Sánchez, Antonio (2010), p. 198; see also p. 211
Ashford Hodges, Gabrielle (2000), p. 258
Desazars de Montgailhard, Sylvia (2003), p. 55
He was already as Prince convinced, that one day, the PCE would have to be legalized; De Vilallonga, José Luis (1993), p. 101.
Daguzan, Jean-François (2003), p. 65; Rozenberg, Danielle (2003), p. 168
Marin Arce, José Maria (2003), p. 76. About the compromises the unions had to make, see p. 73.
Baby, Sophie (2003), pp. 93 ff.
Preston, Paul (2004), p. 392
De Vilallonga, José Luis (1993), p. 173.
Preston, Paul (2004), pp. 481 f.
De Vilallonga, José Luis (1993), p. 7
Ellwood, Shelagh (1994), p. 227
De Vilallonga, José Luis (1993), p. 94, 223
Starr, Kevin (2005), p. 37
Id., p. 41
Id., p. 49
Richards, Rand (2007), p. 36
Remini, Robert V. (2010), p. 29
John_L. O’Sullivan, quoted in Remini, Robert V. (2010), p. 31
Stone, Ilene/ Grenz, Suzanna M. (2005), p. 23
Congressional Globe, 29:1 (1846), pp. 915 f.
Id., p. 917
Id., p. 918
Remini, Robert V. (2010), pp. 31 f.
Morison, Samuel Eliot/ Commager, Henry Steele/ Leuchtenburg, William E. (1983), p. 243
Rives, George Lockhart (1913), pp. 657 f.
Benton, Lisa M. (1998), p. 19
Remini, Robert V. (2010), p. 1
Id., p. 158
Starr, Kevin (2005), p. 90
Id., p. 82
Mason, Richard B. (1848), pp. 61 f.
Mullen, Kevin J. (1989), pp. 30 f.
Id., p. 45
Id., p. 44
Starr, Kevin (2005), pp. 92 f.
Bean, Walton Elbert (1978), p. 107; Lee Johnson, Susan (2001), p. 70
Starr, Kevin (2005), p. 219
Richards, Rand (2009), p. 102
Ellison, William Henry (1950), p. 206
Richards, Rand (2009), p. 98
Browning, Peter (ed.) (1995), p. 338; Richards, Rand (2009), p. 103
Richards, Rand (2009), p. 99
Monaghan, Jay (1973), p. 168
Richards, Rand (2009), p. 104
Senkewicz, Robert M. (1985), p. 73: “[...] fires performed a useful commercial function. When the market was glutted, fires were one way of seeing inventories reduced.”
Mullen, Kevin J. (1989), p. 85
Beck, Warren A./ Williams, David A. (1972), pp. 172 f.
Richards, Rand (2009), p. 107
Mullen, Kevin J. (1989), p. 118
Eifler, Mark A. (2002), p. 87
Id., p. 120
Kens, Paul (2000), p. 346
Andes, Roy H. (2000), p. 338
Eifler, Mark A. (2002), p. 55
Insofar are “expediency and justice often antithetical” (Beck, Warren A./ Williams, David A. [1972], p. 173).
Eifler, Mark A. (2002), p. 70
Mullen, Kevin J. (1989), p. 96
Eifler, Mark A. (2002), p. 68
Id., p. 98
Id., p. 136
Id., pp. 123, 145
Pisani, Donald J. (1994), p. 292: The first legislature (1849–50) awarded “preemption rights to those ‘now occupied and settled upon’ up to 160 acres of public land. The boundaries had to be clearly marked, the parcel had to be continuously occupied, and claimants had to spend at least $100 on improvements. The legislature did not require the land to be surveyed or fenced, but leaving it for longer than three months constituted abandonment and the forfeiture of all rights.”
Pisani, Donald J. (1994), p. 281
Hurtado, Albert L. (2006), p. 283
Royce, Josiah (1898), p. 339
Id., p. 335
Id., p. 300
Id., p. 307
Valentine, Alan (1956), pp. 17 f.
Pisani, Donald J. (1994), p. 284
Cited in Eifler, Mark A. (2002), p. 197
Avella, Steven M. (2003), p. 38
Eifler, Mark A. (2002), pp. 41 ff.
Starr, Kevin (2005), p. 77
Mullen, Kevin J. (1989), p. 19
Eifler, Mark A. (2002), p. 47
Mullen, Kevin J. (1989), p. 123
Stewart, George R. (1964), p. 16
Id., p. 8
Id., p. 11
Id., p. 7
Senkewicz, Robert M. (1985), p. 82: “[...] merchants were groping toward a scapegoat.”
Id., p. 79. See also p. 75.
Id., p. 86
Id., p. 72
Mullen, Kevin J. (1989), p. 175
According to Mullen, “trade [...] preceded the flag” (Mullen, Kevin J. [1989], p. 240). “From the first they opposed governmental controls of any type, and damned the public weal.”
Lee Johnson, Susan (2001), p. 321
Mullen, Kevin J. (1989), p. 219
New York City WPA Writer’s Project (2004), p. 150
Senkewicz, Robert M. (1985), p. 183
Beck, Warren A./ Williams, David A. (1972), p. 176
Bean, Walton E. (1978), p. 130
Senkewicz, Robert M. (1985), p. 190
Beck, Warren A./ Williams, David A. (1972), p. 178
Valentine, Alan (1956), p. VIII
Id., p. IX
Bean, Walton E. (1978), p. 120
Zollinger, James P. (1939), p. 307
Pisani, Donald J. (1994), p. 307, 305
Stewart, George R. (1964), p. 14
Gonzales-Day, Ken (2006), p. 14
Id., pp. 26 f.
Id., p. 39
Newmark, Harris (1916), p. 141
Wood, Amy Louise (2009), p. 33
Id., p. 10
Id., p. 2. In the South, “execution days were mass spectacles that made very evident the stat’s and the church’s authority” (p. 27
Starr, Kevin (2005), p. 88, 109
Berglund, Barbara (2007), p. 15
Lee Johnson, Susan (2001), pp. 234, 239, 298 f.
Jefferson, Thomas (1903 [1787]), p. ME 6:58
Luig, Ute (1990), p. 83
Wesel, Uwe (1985), p. 29
Taylor, Alan (2001), p. 127
Id., p. 126
Kohl, Karl-Heinz (2000), p. 54
Moore, Alexander (1998), p. 265
Id., pp. 263 f.
Harris, Marvin (1978), pp. 104 f.
Kohl, Karl-Heinz (2000), p. 57
Luig, Ute (1990), p. 84
Debo, Angie (1970), p. 3
Taylor, Alan (2001), p. 455
Id., p. 462
Quoted in Eisen, George (1977), p. 192
Burrows, Edwin G./ Wallace, Mike (1999), p. 11
Thoreau, Henry D. (2008), p. 7
Id., p. 13
Id., p. 227
Degen, Hans-Jürgen (1987), p. 25; Wesel, Uwe (1985), pp. 86 f.
Thoreau, Henry D. (2008), p. 229
Id., p. 228
Berger, Peter L./ Luckmann, Thomas (1980), pp. 78 f.; Parsons, Talcott (1986), p. 188
Sennett points out, that routine has as much a positive effect on individuals, as it can have a corrosive impact on the character: “Routine can demean, but it can also protect; routine can decompose labor, but it can also compose a life” (Sennett, Richard [1998], p. 43).
Jepperson, Ronald L. (1991), p. 147, 149; Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1992), pp. 46 f.
Meyer, John W./ Rowan, Brian (1991), p. 42
Laing, Ronald D. (1969), p. 69; Simmel, Georg (1992), pp. 556 f., 858; Sofsky, Wolfgang/Paris, Rainer (1994), p. 12; Peters, Bernhard (1993), pp. 317, 346
Nietzsche, Friedrich (1996), pp. 350 f.
Benasayag, Miguel/ Sztulwark, Diego (2000), p. 25
See for example Köbl, Wolfgang (2006); Mayer-Tasch, Peter Cornelius (1991), p. 92, 105, 216; Tschannen, Pierre (1995), p. 303; Pernthaler, Peter (1996), pp. 69 ff.; Böckenförde, Ernst-Wolfgang (1992), p. 209-243.
Habermas, Jürgen (1992a), p. 445; Habermas, Jürgen (1990), p. 46; Honneth, Axel (1994), pp. 83 f.; Matjan, Gregor (1998), p. 292
Lietzmann, Hans (1994), p. 101
According to Seiler, Hansjörg (1994), pp. 216 f., the power repartition of all societal systems has critically to be checked.
Giddens, Anthony (1997), p. 164
Castoriadis, Cornelius (1990), p. 87, speaks of a “truly political society”.
Taft, William Howard (1916), p. 52. Taft was pleased about this lack of (federal) power, defending the states’ autonomy and their knowledge about local problems. 137 About the authoritarian side of law, see for example Coing, Helmut (1993), p. 218.
Max Weber defines law as the rules protected by a set of people declared responsible (Weber, Max [1980], pp. 17 f.). There is a according to him a legal system as soon people are commissioned to apply the rules using means of coercion (Weber, Max [1960], p. 59, “Zwangsapparat”).
Ryffel, Hans (1978), pp. 518 f.
Ryffel, Hans (1969), p. 161
Id., p. 169
Fisher, Louis/ Harriger, Katy J. (2011), pp. 764 f.
See, for example, Höffe, Otfried (1990a), pp. 98, 115 f., 124; Höffe, Otfried (1990b), pp. 255 f.; Starck, Christian (1990), pp. 54 ff.
Zippelius, Reinhold (1994), p. 105. For example, he describes as “natural” and, therefore, decisive the maternal instinct, the readiness to respect the possession of others, permanent pair bonding, and the respect of existing couples and of older group members (pp. 182 f.). Furthermore, if the natural sciences prove that we are not free, the lawmaker, according to Zippelius, will have to accept this verdict (p. 152). Contrary to his natural concept of values and law, the following authors see these social phenomena as the result of a construction process: Mead, Margaret (1992), p. 219, Janssen-Jurreit, Marielouise (1978), pp. 565 f.; Thurer, Shari (1995); Badinter, Elisabeth (1992); Farrell, Michele (1990), pp. 112 f.; Wesel, Uwe (1985), p. 132; Olbricht, Ingrid (1993), pp. 259 f.
With regard to the social contract states Kersting: “Describe the determining influence of nature and I tell you which is the state you are looking for” (Kersting, Wolfgang [1994], p. 327). And for Hofman, the definition of the original position decides on all other elements of the theory of contract (Hofmann, Hasso [1996], p. 16).
Badger, Anthony J. (2008), pp. 7 f.
Id., pp. 49 f.
Arnold, Peri E. (2009), p. 207
Rauchway, Eric (2008), p. 87
Renshaw, Patrick (2004), pp. 65 f.
Id., p. 3
Jenkins, Roy (2003), p. 1
Labbé, Ronald M./ Lurie, Jonathan (2005), p. 11
Leuchtenburg, William E. (1995), pp. 35 f.
Railroad Retirement Board v. Alton R. Co., 295 U.S. 330 (1935), p. 372
Id., pp. 377, 349, 351
Id., p. 371
Id., p. 349
Hughes, Charles Evans (1908), p. 139
Quoted in Bennett, William John (2007), p. 132 (Franklin D. Roosevelt, Radio Broadcast, Fireside Chat of March 9, 1937).
Roosevelt, quoted in Leuchtenburg, William E. (1995), p. 94
Id., p. 219
Lawson, Alan (2006), p. 177
Rosen, Elliot A. (2005), p. 151
Urofsky, Melvin (2000), p. 2142
Grant, Susan-Mary (2010), pp. 300 f.
Id., p. 309
Ashworth, John (2010), p. 170
Vile, John R. (1997), p. 179
Keegan, John (2009), p. 19
According to Keegan, the justices were in their majority pro-Southern, because of a long series of Southern presidents appointing suitable people (Keegan, John [2009], p. 30).
Smith, Adam I. P. (2007), p. 61
Ellis, Joseph J. (2007), p. 51
Finkelman, Paul (2010), p. 5: Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3; Article 1, Section 9, Clauses 1 and 4; Article 4, Section 2, Clause 3, Article 5.
Id., p. 8
Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union, from December 24, 1860.
Schoen, Brian (2009), p. 197
Id., p. 246
Wilentz, Sean (2009), p. 27
Smith, Adam I. P. (2007), p. 64
Abraham Lincoln in his inaugural address of March 4, 1861
According to Carwardine, Lincoln justified with the time the Civil War as a war against slavery because of public opinion purposes (Carwardine, Richard [2010], p. 128). Even though himself convinced, that slavery violated equality and freedom.
Schoen, Brian (2009), p. 269
Brundage, Fitzhugh W. (2009), pp. 127 f.
Ashworth, John (2010), p. 173
Keegan, John (2009), p. 356
Id., p. 356
Foner, Eric (2002), p. 23
Hyman, Harold M. (2000), p. 2691
Foner, Eric (2002), p. 23
Hyman, Harold M. (2000), p. 2691
Foner, Eric (2002), p. 199
Wiecek, William M. (2000), p. 189
Congressional Record, 43nd Cong., 2nd Sess., 1853 (February 26, 1875)
Hodges v. United States, 203 U.S. 1 (1906), pp. 1 f.: “The result of the Amendments to the Constitution adopted after the Civil War was to abolish slavery, and to make the emancipated slaves citizens, and not wards of the nation, over whom Congress retained jurisdiction. This decision of the people is binding upon the courts, and they cannot attempt to determine whether it was the wiser course.” The same formalistic interpretation used in favor of a racist understanding of political exclusion is to be found in United States v. Resse (1876) or United States v. Cruikshank (1876).
Fields, Barbara J. (1982), p. 143
Ford, Lacy K. (1999), p. 737
Keegan, John (2009), p. 31
Fehrenbacher, Don E. (1987), p. 97
Donald, David Herbert (1995), p. 221. See also Fehrenbacher, Don E. (1987), pp. 110 f.
Gillette, William (2000), p. 1039
Id., p. 1040
Foner, Eric (2002), p. 425
Trelease, Allen W. (1971), p. xi
Id., p. xlvii
Wade, Wyn Craig (1987), p. 49
Id., p. 57; See also Foner, Eric (2002), pp. 432 f.
Chalmers, David M. (1987), p. 14
Foner, Eric (2002), p. 428
Wade, Wyn Craig (1987), p. 79
Newton, Michael (2010), p. 31
Chalmers, David M. (1987), p. 2
Id., p. 9
In United States v. Harris, 106 U.S. 629 (1883)
Wade, Wyn Craig (1987), p. 111
Silber, Nina (2009), p. 107
Kammen, Michael (1986), p. 3
Hamilton, Alexander/ Madison, James/ Jay, John (2003 [1787–1788]), p. 307, The Federalist No. 49: Madison
Id., p. 310, The Federalist No. 49: Madison: “The passions therefore not the reason, of the public, would sit in judgment. [...] it is the reason of the public alone that ought to control and regulate the government.”
Id., p. 308, The Federalist No. 49: Madison
Vile, John R (1997), pp. 115 f.
Bogdanor, Vernon (1995), pp. 180 f.
Ely, John Hart (1993), p. 47
Sullivan, Kathleen M. (2000), p. 76
Murphy, Walter F. (1995), p. 189
Dow, David R. (1995), p. 118
Vile, John R. (1995), p. 199
Amar, Akhil Reed (1995), p. 89
Id., p. 77
Ackerman, Bruce (1993), p. 161
Ackerman, Bruce (1993), p. 104
Id., pp. 266 ff.
Id., pp. 230 ff.
Id., p. 162, 303
Id., p. 285
See the detailed description with Ackerman, Bruce (1998), pp. 34 ff.
Id., p. 134, 174
Hyman, Harold M. (2000), p. 2691; Ackerman, Bruce (1998), p. 230
Morison, Samuel Eliot/ Commager, Henry Steele/ Leuchtenburg, William E. (1983), p. 338
Ackerman, Bruce (1993), p. 39
Rüthers, Bernd (1989), p. 14
Id., p. 100
Id., p. 181. See also Rüthers, Bernd (1995), pp. 163, 193.
Ackerman, Bruce (1993), p. 322
Id., p. 314
Id., p. 315
Id., p. 316
Woods, Thomas E./ Gutzman, Kevin R.C. (2008), pp. 1 f.
Tamanaha, Brian Z. (2006), p. 4
Id., p. 215
Id., p. 218
Barendt, Eric (1998), p. 28
Hailsham, Lord (1992), p. 12: “[...] in some fundamental respects, we are governed by conventional practices and not by law in its strict sense.”
Birch, Anthony H. (1998), p. 21: “[...] the limited influence of the courts of law.” See also Barendt, Eric (1998), p. 45.
Barendt, Eric (1998), p. 33
Hailsham, Lord (1992), p. 13
Id., p. 1
Dicey, Albert Venn (1982 [1915, 8th ed.]), p. CXXVI
Id., p. CXXVI
Bagehot, Walter (1966 [1867, 1915]), p. 255
Id., p. 61
Furet, François/ Richet, Denis (1963), p. 450
Id., pp. 23, 74, 101, 120; Bluche, François (2000), p. 13; Richard, Guy (1979), p. 101
According to Nicolet the empire appeared for the French as syntheses of the old monarchy and the young republic (Nicolet, Claude [1992], p. 170).
Levi, Anthony (2001), p. 164
Thuau, Etienne (2000), p. 219
Solnon, Jean-François (1987), p. 267
Rigaud, Jacques (1995), p. 32
Richard, Guy (1979), p. 186
Castelot, André (2001), p. 368
Tenzer/ Delacroix (1992), p. 88. About Sciences Po and ENA see Garrigou, Alain (2001), Bourdieu, Pierre (1989), Gaillard, Jean-Michel (1995).
See Georgel, Jacques (1990), who talks about the “démonarchie”. 278 “Le vrai patron de l’éducation nationale, c’est moi, pas les syndicats”, in: Le Monde November 24, 1986
Année Politique 1986, p. 367
Année Politique 1966, S. 213
Linder, Wolf (1994), pp. 113 f.; Gruner, Erich/Hertig, Hans Peter (1983), pp. 133 ff.; Longchamp, Claude (1991), pp. 311 ff.
Kriesi, Hanspeter (1980), pp. 263, 577 f.
de Blij, H.J./ Muller, Peter O. (2008), p. 305
Porter, Roy (2000), p. 130
Mitchell, Don (2003), p. 9; see also pp. 134 ff.
Schroer, Markus (2006), p. 233
Mitchell, Don (2003), p. 55
Kaur, Abnash (1995), p. i
Guy, Jeff (1987), p. 29
Id., p. 26
Study Commission on U.S. Policy toward Southern Africa (1981), p. 26
Worden, Nigel (2007), p. 11
Id., p. 14
Kaur, Abnash (1995), p. 6
Clark, Nancy L./ Worger, William H. (2004), p. 14
Rhodes, Cecil (1900), p. 375
Id., p. 371
Id., p. 372
Id., p. 373
Id., p. 380
Id., p. 381
Id., p. 390
Worden, Nigel (2007), p. 43
Wilson, Francis (1972), p. 2
Giliomee, Hermann (1987), p. 63, 58
Worden, Nigel (2007), p. 36
Clark, Nancy L./ Worger, William H. (2004), p. 22
Kaur, Abnash (1995), p. 13
Clark, Nancy L./ Worger, William H. (2004), pp. 18 f.
Alexander, Peter (1999), p. 40
Mokgatle, Naboth (1971), p. 247
Mandela, Nelson (1995), p. 111
Rogers, Barbara (1976), p. 5
Clark, Nancy L./ Worger, William H. (2004), p. 35
Mokgatle, Naboth (1971), p. 271
Posel, Deborah (1987), pp. 125 f.
The National Party cited in Kaur, Abnash (1995), pp. 11 f.
Kaur, Abnash (1995), p. 14
House of Assembly Debates (Hansard) of January 23, 1962, quoted in Rogers, Barbara (1976), p. 8.
So a standard South African history book, quoted in Rogers, Barbara (1976), p. 5
Clark, Nancy L./ Worger, William H. (2004), pp. 12 f.
Statement made by H.F. Verwoerd, Minister of Native Affairs in 1954 in the senate of South African parliament, quoted in: Clark, Nancy L./ Worger, William H. (2004), p. 51. About Bantu Education see Rose, Brian W. (1965), pp. 208 ff.
Rogers, Barbara (1976), p. 23; see also p. 41.
Kaur, Abnash (1995), p. 19
Rogers, Barbara (1976), p. 35
Id., p. 29
Kaur, Abnash (1995), pp. 59 f.
Id., p. 62
Id., p. 70
Id., p. 94
Mr. Botha, House of Assembly Debates [Hansard] of February 6, 1967, quoted in Rogers, Barbara (1976), p. 10.
Clark, Nancy L./ Worger, William H. (2004), p. 63
Wilson, Francis (1972), p. 141
Id., p. 16
Study Commission on U.S. Policy toward Southern Africa (1981), p. 187
Murray, Martin J. (1994), pp. 142 f.
Clark, Nancy L./ Worger, William H. (2004), p. 82
Marais, Hein (1998), pp. 200 f.
Murray, Martin J. (1994), p. 168
Alexander, Neville (2001), pp. 56 ff.
Worden, Nigel (2007), pp. 113 f.
Mandela, Nelson (1995), p. 366
Worden, Nigel (2007), p. 129
Parker, Peter/ Mokhesi-Parker, Joyce (1998), p. 28
Bozzoli, Belinda (2004), p. 73
Mandela, Nelson (1995), p. 523
Clark, Nancy L./ Worger, William H. (2004), p. 96
Murray, Martin J. (1994), p. 79
Id., pp. 75 ff.
Id., p. 7
Marais, Hein (1998), p. 92
Alexander, Neville (2001), p. 68
Id., p. 63
Marais, Hein (1998), p. 257
Worden, Nigel (2007), p. 145
Id., pp. 151 f.
Marais, Hein (1998), p. 100
Murray, Martin J. (1994), pp. 28 ff.
Quoted in Marais, Hein (1998), p. 122
Gumede, William M. (2007), p. 101
Murray, Martin J. (1994), p. 22
Id., p. 23
Mandela, Nelson (1995), pp. 619 f.
Bond, Patrick (2000), p. 1
Marais, Hein (1998), p. 85
Bond, Patrick (2000), pp. 113 f.
Murray, Martin J. (1994), p. 69: “[...] South Africa has been a net exporter of foodstuffs while millions of impoverished, landless black families are undernourished and virtually starving. The enormous disparity of land ownership [...] was an emotion-laden issue, riddled with layers of competing interests.”
Bond, Patrick (2000), p. 117
Id., pp. 178 f.
Marais, Hein (1998), p. 177, 182; p. 189: “[...] a perspective that predicated reconstruction and development on liberalization, free markets, and the cultivation of business and investor confidence.”
Bond, Patrick (2000), p. 91
Marais, Hein (1998), p. 147
Ellmer, Jutta (2008), p. 70
Alexander, Neville (2001), p. 72
Id., p. 81
Worden, Nigel (2007), p. 162
Bond, Patrick (2000), p. 19
Ellmer, Jutta (20008), p. 65
Clark, Nancy L./ Worger, William H. (2004), p. 116; Worden, Nigel (2007), p. 164; Murray, Martin J. (1994), p. 214
Ellmer, Jutta (2008), p. 82
Id., p. 41
NZZ of April 27, 2011, p. 7
Bond, Patrick (2000), p. 84
Alexander, Neville (2001), p. 11
Marais, Hein (1998), p. 94
Id., p. 96
Wilson, Richard A. (2001), p. 6
Alexander, Neville (2001), pp. 131 f.
Berglund, Barbara (2007), p. 106
Id., p. 96
Id., p. 113
Senkewicz, Robert M. (1985), p. 66
Berglund, Barbara (2007), p. 10
Leung, Peter C.Y. (2001), pp. 34 f.
Heizer, Robert F./ Almquist, Alan J. (1971), p. 121
Leung, Peter C.Y. (2001), p. 37
People v. Hall 4 Cal. 399 (California Supreme Court 1854)
Richards, Rand (2007), p. 110
Schwartz, Stephen (1998), pp. 84 f.
In their dissenting opinion to Ricci et al. v. Destefano, 557 U. S. 1 ff. (2009), justices Ginsburg, Stevens, Souter, and Breyer describe the racially based discrimination in the public domain, especially in the firefighting profession and in the police. The majority of the Court didn’t take into account the historical or social context of the recruitment practice and relied exclusively on a formalistic understanding.
Wilder, Craig Steven (2000), p. 157; as well pp. 226–233
Id., p. 160; see also p. 137. For the racial practice during the Second World War, see pp. 167 ff.
Freund, David M. P. (2007), p. 15
Wilder, Craig Steven (2000), p. 182
Gotham, Kevin Fox (2002), p. 35
Id., p. 35
Hirsch, Arnold R. (1993), p. 75
Id., p. 75
Lipsitz, George (2006), p. 26
Wilder, Craig Steven (2000), p. 187
Id., p. 193
Id., p. 177
Id., p. 180
Osofsky, Gilbert (1971), p. 71, 77
Id., p. 87
Id., p. 90
Id., p. 127
Id., p. 93
Id., pp. 135 f.
Wilder, Craig Steven (2000), p. 224
Quoted in Wilder, p. 220
Feagin, Joe R./ Hahn, Harlan (1973), p. 54
Wiebe, Robert H. (1967), pp. 38 f.
Neue Zürcher Zeitung of December 4, 2010, p. 11
Franzese, Paula A./ Siegel, Steven (2007), p. 1116
The New York Times of July 10, 2009, p. A15
Blakely, Edward J./ Snyder, Mary Gail (1999), p. VIII
About the situation in Switzerland see Mäder, Ueli/ Aratnam, Ganga Jey/ Schilliger, Sarah (2010), pp. 313 ff. Describing the self-exclusion of the better off, pp. 322 ff. For France see: Résidences fermées: la recherche de l’entre-soi, in: Le Monde of December 26, 2010, p. 7.
Blakely, Edward J./ Snyder, Mary Gail (1999), p. 3
Huissoud, Thérèse et. al. (2003), pp. 195 f.
Rifkin, Jeremy (2000), p. 116
Id., p. 123
Blakely, Edward J./ Snyder, Mary Gail (1999), p. 20
Rifkin, Jeremy (2000), p. 132
Franzese, Paula A./ Siegel, Steven (2007), pp. 1110 f.
Quoted in Kennedy, David J. (1995), pp. 762 f.
Rifkin, Jeremy (2000), p. 119
Id., p. 119
Kennedy, David J. (1995), p. 763
Id., p. 768
Id., p. 774
Habermas, Jürgen (1992a), p. 436
Turkle, Sherry (1995), pp. 233 f.
Id., p. 235
Giddens, Anthony (1990), p. 18
Debray, Régis (2007), pp. 86 f.
Turkle, Sherry (1995), p. 235
Id., p. 241
Id., p. 244
Id., p. 267
Strauss, Botho (1999), p. 101: “Information exists without a self. Knowledge doesn’t.” Against the background of consensus-based constructivism is a self also needed to construct information. But knowledge is the reconstruction of perceived actions based on our relevant principles.
Geser, Hans (1996), Chapter 2.1.
Id., Chapter 2.2.
Sassen, Saskia (2006), p. 336
Id., p. 246
Id., p. 247
Geser, Hans (1996), Chapter 2.1.; see also Rucht, Dieter (1994), p. 340
About the relevance of symbols in the political realm see Loewenstein, Karl (1961), pp. 289 ff.
Beaussant, Philippe (2000), p. 133, 94; Meyer, Daniel/Saule, Béatrix (1999), p. 4
Newton, William R. (2000), p. 16
Petitfils, Jean-Christian (2002), pp. 278 ff.
Verlet, Pierre (1998), p. 130
Petitfils, Jean-Christian (2002), p. 285
Solnon, Jean-François (1987), pp. 327 f.; Verlet, Pierre (1998), p. 349
Newton, William R. (2000), p. 78
Verlet, Pierre (1998), p. 160
Id., p. 354
Solnon, Jean-François (1987), p. 331
Bluche, François (2000), p. 201
Id., pp. 135 ff., 198 f., 37
Verlet, Pierre (1998), p. 318
Id., p. 512; Lever, Evelyne (1985), p. 414
Lever, Evelyne (1985), p. 409
Jordan, David (1996), pp. 126, 129
Köstler, Andreas (1996), p. 133, 143
Jordan, David (1996), p. 193
Id., p. 266
Ellenbogen, Michael (2006), p. 35
Hitler, quoted in: Nerdinger, Winfried (2004), p. 77
Ellenbogen, Michael (2006), p. 7, 26
Speer intended for example to tear down appartements for about 150′000 to 200′000 people in the area of the planned axes in Berlin/Germania. A destruction of Berlin about identical with the one the city had to suffer in the end of World War II. The planing, however, took place during peace (Flierl, Bruno [1998], p. 47).
Ellenbogen, Michael (2006), pp. 22 ff.
Nerdinger, Winfried (2004), p. 77
Ellenbogen, Michael (2006), pp. 37, 39
Münk, Dieter (1993), p. 73
Id., pp. 80 f.
Id., p. 148
Id., p. 123
Seidl, Ernst (1996), pp. 311 ff.
Ellenbogen, Michael (2006), p. 31
Meyer, Jeffrey F. (2001), p. 8, 15
Id., p. 27
Meyer, Jeffrey F. (2001), p. 116
Madison: The Federalist No. 43, in: Hamilton, Alexander/ Madison, James/ Jay, John (2003 [1787–1788]), p. 262. Passing the Organic Act in 1801, Congress created the District of Columbia.
Bordewich, Fergus M. (2008), pp. 61 ff.
Id., p. 95
Id., p. 241
Id., p. 250
Id., p. 4
Meyer, Jeffrey F. (2001), p. 10
Maier, Pauline (1997), p. XI
Id., p. XV
Meyer, Jeffrey F. (2001), p. 81
Hogeland, William (2010), p. 173
Parkinson, Robert (2008), p. 12
Boyd, Julian (1999), p. 20
Hogeland, William (2010), p. 178
Parkinson, Robert (2008), p. 11
Maier, Pauline (1997), p. 170
Meyer, Jeffrey F. (2001), p. 89, 91
Tamanaha, Brian Z. (2006), p. 11
Epps, Garrett (2011)
Rolston, Bill (1998), p. i
Rolston, Bill (1998), p. viii
Guildhall Press (2008), p. 12; Jarman, Neil (1998), p. 83
For example the Special Powers Act of 1922 or its replacement regarding the governance and control of Northern Irish parades of 1951: the Public Order Act. “Customarily held processions” were exempt from authorization, what privileged the parades of the Orange Order. Another example is the Flags and Emblems Act of 1954, which gave the RUC the right to remove any flag or emblem from public or private property likely to cause a breach of peace. Exempt was the Union Flag. About the unequal application of the Special Powers Act of 1922 see: Dohonue, Laura K. (1998).
Bryan, Dominic (2000), p. 85
Id., p. 96
Jarman, Neil (1998), p. 84
Id., p. 85
Kaufmann, Eric P. (2007), p. 122; Bryan, Dominic (2000), p. 158
Id., p. 149
Bryan, Dominic (2000), p. 169
Jarman, Neil (1997), p. 2
Id., p. 6
Id., p. 6
Habermas, Jürgen (1990), p. 61
Jarman, Neil (1997), pp. 27 f. Bryan, Dominic (2000), p. 9
Bryan, Dominic (2000), pp. 35 f.
Id., p. 26
Kenney, Mary Catherine (1998), pp. 155 f., 166
Mattioli, Aram (2010), p. 147
In Rewriting Its History, Iraq Treads Cautiously, in: The New York Times of June 30, 2010, p. A4
Mattioli, Aram (2010), p. 27
Bidussa, David (1994), pp. 62 f.
Ginsborg, Paul (2005), p. 32
See Frankenberg, Günter (2003), p. 23
Buber, Martin (1992), p. 254
Camilleri, Andrea (2010), p. 18
Galluzzo, Marco: Berlusconi: il leader pd è un cattocomunista, in: Corriere della Sera of March 13, 2009 (http://www.corriere.it/politica/09_marzo_13/berlusconi_cattocumunista_Galluzzo_a684c0c4-0f97-11de-948b-00144f02aabc.shtml), retrieved on July 27, 2011
Mattioli, Aram (2010), pp. 20 f., 59
Id., pp. 54 f.
Id., p. 57
Mattioli, Aram (2010), p. 56
See about the history of this commemoration and its political use Sluga, Glenda (1999).
Mattioli, Aram (2010), p. 11
Mattioli, Aram (2010), p. 17
The New York Times of May 28, 2010, p. A6
Camilleri, Andrea (2010), p. 19
Vivaldi, Elisabetta (2009)
Sloterdijk, Peter (2008), p. 10, writes about “the emancipation from heroism and tragicism”.
Id., p. 23
Kundera, Milan (2001), p. 10: “Der Kampf des Menschen gegen die Macht ist der Kampf des Gedächtnisses gegen das Vergessen.”
Schlee, Beatrice (2009), pp. 206 f.
Wilson, Richard A. (2001), p. 97
Alexander, Neville (2001), p. 144
Wilson, Richard A. (2001), p. 13
Wilson, Richard A. (2001), pp. 22 f.
Alexander, Neville (2001), p. 151
Id., pp. 157 f.
Id., p. 166
Bourg, Dominique/ Whiteside, Kerry (2010), p. 10
Mills, Greg/ Richards, David (2010)
Jones, Seth G. (2010), pp. 59 f.
Id., p. 153
Rubin, Barnett R. (2007)
Biddle, Stephen/ Christia, Fotini/ Thier, Alexander J. (2010)
Chipman, John (2010)
Brahimi, Lakhdar/ Pickering, Thomas R. (2011), pp. 17 f.
Id., pp. 22 f., 36 ff.
Rashid, Ahmed (2009), pp. 172 f.
Id., p. XLIX
Mills, Greg/ Richards, David (2010)
Rashid, Ahmed (2009), p. 171
Favoring partition, see: Blackwill, Robert D. (2010)
Fukuyama, Francis (1992), p. 48
Id., p. 51
Hill, John E. (2007), p. 36
Id., p. 31
Mann, Michael (2005), p. 2
Id., p. 5
See Mann, Michael (2005), pp. 83 ff.
Wood, Gordon S. (2006), p. 28
Id., p. 10
Id., p. 11
Id., p. 8
Id., p. 11
Id., p. 26
Id., p. 16
Id., pp. 34 f.
Id., pp. 42 f.
Id., p. 234
Taylor, Charles (1995), p. 188
Wood, Gordon S. (2005), p. 90
Wood, Gordon S. (1993), p. 53: “The sacrifice of individual interests to the greater good of the whole formed the essence of republicanism and comprehended for Americans the idealistic goal of their Revolution.” And on p. 55: “To make the people’s welfare — the public good — the exclusive end of government. [...] No phrase except’ liberty’ was invoked more often by the Revolutionaries than „the public good’.” P. 69: “For most Americans in 1776 vicious behavior by an individual could have only disastrous results for the community. A man racked by the selfish passions of greed, envy, and hate lost his conception of order; — his sense of a connection with the general system — his benevolence — his desire and freedom of doing good, ceased.’”
Hill, John E. (2007), pp. 9 f.
Galbraith, John Kenneth (1992), p. 6: “[...] the fortunate and the favored [...] do n contemplate and respond to their own longer-run well-being. Rather, they respond, and powerfully, to immediate comfort and contentment.” “[...] the controlling contentment and resulting belief is not that of many, not just of the few. It operates under the compelling cover of democracy, albeit a democracy not of all citizens but of those who, in defense of their social and economic advantage, actually go to the polls. The result is government that is accommodated not to reality or common need but to the beliefs of the contended, who are now the majority of those who vote” (p. 10). “In past times, the economically and socially fortunate were [...] a small minority’ characteristically a dominant and ruling handful. They are now a majority, though, as has already been observed, a majority not of all citizens but of those who actually vote” (p. 15). “[...] self-regard is [...] the dominant, indeed the controllin mood of the contended majority” (p. 17).
Krasner, Stephen D./ Pascual, Carlos (2005), p. 160
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Dieth, E. (2011). Integration elements. In: Integration by Cooperation. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-99416-0_5
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