Abstract
The fetus in utero generates heat that has to be dissipated via the mother. Immediately after birth, the fetus must be capable above all of responding quickly and efficiently to heat loss to cooler surroundings. Fetal, perinatal and neonatal heat production and temperature regulation have been the focus of experimental research during the last three decades (1–3). Our work has concentrated on the sheep fetus, and thus the following brief overview will outline the principles of fetal thermal homeostasis. Most animal studies in this field have been performed on chronically instrumented, unanesthetized fetal sheep at gestational ages from 120 to 139 days (term 145 days). Fetal weight during this period is in the range of 2.5 to 4 kg.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Brück K (1978): Heat production and temperature regulation. In: Perinatal Physiology, Stave U, ed. New York London:Plenum Publishing Corporation, 455–498.
Adamsons K Jr. (1966): The role of thermal factors in fetal and neonatal life. Pediatr Clin North Am 13, 599–619.
Alexander G, Nicol D, Thorburn G (1973): Thermogenesis in prematurely delivered lambs. In: Fetal and Neonatal Physiology, Comline R, Cross K, Dawes G, Nathanielsz P, eds. Cambridge UK:Cambridge University Press, 410–417.
Gunn TR, Gluckman PD (1983): Development of temperature regulation in the fetal sheep. J Develop Physiol 5,167–179.
Cefalo RC, Hellegers AE (1978): The effects of maternal hyperthermia on maternal and fetal cardiovascular and respiratory function. Amer J Obst Gynec 131, 687–694.
Lotgering FK, Gilbert RD, Longo LD (1983): Exercise response in pregnant sheep: blood gases, temperatures, and fetal cardiovascular system. J Appl Physiol 55, 842–850.
Schröder HJ, Hüneke B, Klug A, Stegner H, Carstensen M, Leichtweiss H-P (1987): Fetal sheep temperatures in utero during cooling and application of triiodothyronine, norepinephrine, propranolol and suxamethonium. Pflügers Arch 410, 376–384.
Gilbert RD, Power GG (1986): Fetal and uteroplacental heat production in sheep. J Appl Physiol 61, 2018–2022.
Harned HS (1978): Respiration and the respiratory system. In: Perinatal Physiology, Stave U, ed. New York London:Plenum Publishing Corporation, 53–101.
Power GG, Schröder H, Gilbert RD (1984): Measurement of fetal heat production using differential calorimetry. J Appl Physiol 57, 917–922.
Abrams R, Caton D, Clapp J, Barron DH (1970): Thermal and metabolic features of life in utero. Clin Obstet Gynecol 13, 549–564.
Schröder HJ, Nissen B (1992): Heat conductances of human umbilical cord blood vessels. Placenta 13, A56. (Abstract)
Faber JJ, Thornburg KL (1983): Placental Physiology. New York:Raven Press.
Schröder HJ, Hatano H, Leichtweiss H-P (1989): Wärmeaustausch in der isolierten Meerschweinchenplacenta. Hamb Ärzteblatt 43, 410–412.
Gilbert RD, Schröder H, Kawamura T, Dale PS, Power GG (1985): Heat transfer pathways between fetal lamb and ewe. J Appl Physiol 59, 634–638.
Rudelstorfer R, Tabsh K, Khoury A, Nuwayhid B, Brinkmann III CR, Assali NS (1986): Heat flux and oxygen consumption of the pregnant uterus. Amer J Obst Gynec 154, 462–470.
Schröder H, Gilbert RD, Power GG (1988): Computer model of fetal-maternal heat exchange in sheep. J Appl Physiol 65, 460–468.
Schröder HJ, Power GG (1993): Raise of fetal core temperature by reduction of umbilical blood flow in instrumented fetal sheep. Pflügers Arch 422 (suppl. 1), R85.(Abstract)
Gunn TR, Ball KT, Gluckman PD (1993): Withdrawal of placental prostaglandins permits thermogenic responses in fetal sheep brown adipose tissue. J Appl Physiol 74, 998–1004.
Power GG, Kawamura T, Dale PS, Schröder H, Gilbert RD (1986): Temperature responses following ventilation of the fetal sheep in utero. J Develop Physiol 8, 477–484.
Nedergaard J, Cannon B (1992): Brown adipose tissue: development and function. In: Fetal and Neonatal Physiology, Polin RA, Fox WW, eds. Philadelphia:Saunders.
Alexander G, Williams D (1968): Shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis during summit metabolism in young lamb. J Physiol Lond 198, 251–276.
Necker R (1984): Central thermosensitivity: CNS and extra-CNS. In: Thermal Physiology, Hales JRS, ed. New York:Raven Press, 53–61.
Rothwell NJ, Stock MJ (1984): Nonshivering and diet-induced thermogenesis: the role of brown adipose tissue. In: Thermal Physiology, Hales JRS, ed. New York:Raven Press, 145–153.
Kawamura T, Gilbert RD, Power GG (1986): Effect of cooling and heating on the regional distribution of blood flow in fetal sheep. J Develop Physiol 8, 11–21.
Cannon B, Nedergaard J (1982): The function and properties of brown adipose tissue in the newborn. In: The biochemical development of the fetus and neonate, Jones CT, ed. Amsterdam New York:Elsevier, 697–730.
Block BA (1987): Billfish brain and eye heater: a new look at nonshivering heat production. NIPS 2, 208–213.
Colquhoun EQ, Hettiarachi M, Ye J-M, Rattigan S, Clark MG (1990): Inhibition by vasodilators of noradrenaline and vasoconstrictor-mediated, but not skeletal muscle contraction-induced uptake in the perfused rat hindlimb: implications for non-shivering thermogenesis in muscle tissue. Gen Pharmac 21, 141–148.
Hill JR (1959): The oxygen consumption of newborn and adult mammals. J Physiol (Lond) 149, 346–373.
Scopes JE, Ahmed I (1966): Indirect assessment of oxygen requirements in newborn babies by monitoring deep body temperature. Arch Dis Childh 41, 25–33.
Power GG, Gunn TR, Johnston BM, Gluckman PD (1987): Oxygen supply and the placenta limit thermogenic responses in fetal sheep. J Appl Physiol 63, 1896–1901.
Gunn TR, Johnston BM, Iwamoto HS, Fraser M, Nicholls MG, Gluckman PD (1985): Haemodynamic and catecholamine responses to hypothermia in the fetal sheep in utero. J Develop Physiol 7, 241–249.
Klein AH, Reviczky A, Padbury JF (1984): Thyroid hormones augment catecholamine-stimulated brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in the ovine fetus. Endocrinology 114, 1065–1069.
Baum D, Anthony CL Jr, Stowers C (1971): Impairment of cold-stimulated lipolysis by acute hypoxia. Am J Dis Child 121, 115–119.
Silva JE, Larsen PR (1986): Interrelationship among thyroxine, growth hormone, and the sympathetic nervous system in the regulation of 5′-iodothyronine deiodonase in rat brown adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 77, 1214–1223.
Fraser M, Gunn TR, Butler JH, Johnston BM, Gluckman PD (1985): Circulating thyrotropin (TSH) in the ovine fetus: evidence for pulsatile release and the effect of hypothermia in utero. Pediatr Res 19, 208–212.
Power GG, Gunn TR, Johnston BM, Nichols G, Gluckman PD (1989): Umbilical cord occlusion but not increased plasma T3 or norepinephrine stimulate brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in the fetal sheep. J Develop Physiol 11, 171–177.
Sawa R, Asakura H, Power GG (1991): Changes in plasma adenosine during simulated birth of fetal sheep. J Appl Physiol 70, 1524–1528.
Preyer WT (1885): Specielle Physiologie des Embryo. Leipzig:Th. Grieben (L.Fernau).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Birkhäuser Verlag Basel
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schröder, H.J., Power, G.G. (1994). Basic Aspects of Fetal Thermal Homeostasis. In: Zeisberger, E., Schönbaum, E., Lomax, P. (eds) Thermal Balance in Health and Disease. APS Advances in Pharmacological Sciences. Birkhäuser Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7429-8_33
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7429-8_33
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser Basel
Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-7431-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-7429-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive