Skip to main content

Between Toys and Behind Bars: Mothers in Jail in the State of Ceará, Brazil

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Criminal Legalities and Minorities in the Global South

Abstract

This chapter analyses the impacts of the Brazilian Early Childhood Statute (ECS), which allows a judge to substitute preventive detention with house arrest. By exploring motions filed by imprisoned mothers from 2016 and 2018 in the Ceará State Court of Justice, Brazil, this chapter explores the challenges of implementing the ECS in the light of the structural deficiencies of Brazil’s prison system and evaluates the impact of these constraints on the fulfilment of the children’s and mother’s rights and experiences. Using a socio-legal and mixed method approach, the research combines theoretical concepts and elements from traditional criminal law scholarship and criminology and explores a combination of qualitative and quantitative sources, to assess the day-to-day experiences of mothers and children under this new set of regulations. Using quantitative data from multiple repositories, and qualitative data from questionnaires distributed to the Ministry of Justice, The Ministry of Health, the Ceará State Department of Justice, and the Ceará State Court of Justice, this chapter points out and analyses the contradictions between policy implementation and impact. The chapter concludes that imprisoned women with young children, and the children themselves, are exposed to inefficient public policies and are disadvantaged by not only being imprisoned, but also a higher degree of state sponsored rights violations on the basis of being a woman and being a mother.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The Brazilian Constitution guarantees the right of the imprisoned women to breastfeed their children in prison during their time serving a sentence: Article 5, section L—“the prisoners will be guaranteed conditions, so that they can remain with their children during the breastfeeding period”.

  2. 2.

    Composed of seven ministries: Education, Health, Social Welfare, Labour, Justice, Culture and Planning; plus the Brazilian Bar Association, the Brazilian Paediatrics Society, World Organization for Pre-School Education, National Council of Women’s Rights, National Journalists’ Federation, National Front for the Defence of Children’s Rights, the National Movement for Street Boys and Girls and UNICEF.

  3. 3.

    This popular Brazilian expression means to “pretend to do something or do it wrong”.

  4. 4.

    On 20 October 2020, the Supreme Court also granted collective Habeas Corpus no. 165,704/DF, which was filed by the Federal Public Defender’s Office, establishing, the substitution of pre-trial detention for home of all parents who have children under 12 years old or disabled under their exclusive responsibility, as well as those responsible for children under 6 years of age or disabled, as long as they are indispensable to their care (art. 318, III), except in cases where the crime is committed with violence or serious threat or against own children or dependents. Unlike what happens with the mothers, it must be proven, in the specific case, that the parent or guardian is the only one responsible for the care provided for the infant.

  5. 5.

    Emphasis added.

  6. 6.

    This chapter aimed to focus on mothers due to the greater severity of the situation, taking into account imprisoned pregnant and lactating women and the resulting impacts on unborn children and newborns.

  7. 7.

    The State of Ceará Secretary of Justice and Citizenship (SEJUS), which was extinguished and replaced by SAP (Secretary of Penitentiary Administration).

References

  • Amin, Andréa Rodrigues, et al. 2018. Curso de Direito da Criança e do Adolescente: Aspectos teóricos e práticos [Child and Adolescent Law Course: Theo retical and practical aspects]. In Kátia Regina, Ferreira Lobo, and Andrade Maciel (eds.). São Paulo: Saraiva Educação. ISBN: 9788547230890.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ana Elisa et al. 2016. As crianças sua presença/ausência na legislação brasileira e a construção do direito à integridade física, à educação e à convivência familiar [Children have their presence/absence in Brazilian legislation and the construction of the right to physical integrity, education and family life]. In Estudos sobre a violência contra a criança e o adolescente, ed. Antonio Cecilio Moreira Pires et al. 125–167. São Paulo: Libro.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andréa Rodrigues et al. 2018. Curso de Direito da Criança e do Adolescente: Aspectos teóricos e práticos [Child and Adolescent Law Course: Theoretical and practical aspects]. In Kátia Regina, Ferreira Lobo, and Andrade Maciel (eds.). São Paulo: Saraiva Educação.

    Google Scholar 

  • Assis, Ana Elisa et al. 2016. As crianças sua presença/ausência na legislação brasileira e a construção do direito à integridade física, à educação e à convivência familiar [Children have their presence/absence in Brazilian legislation and the construction of the right to physical integrity, education and family life]. In Antonio Cecilio Moreira Pires et al. (eds.), Estudos sobre a violência contra a criança e o adolescente, pp. 125–167. São Paulo: Libro.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bianchini, Edemir Nelson. 2005. Doutrinas do Direito da Criança e do Adolescente [Doctrines of Child and Adolescent Law.]. Lajeado/RS: Centro Universitário Univates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boiteux, L. 2016. Encarceramento feminino e seletividade penal [Female incarceration and criminal selectivity.]. Rede de Justiça Criminal: Discriminação de gênero no sistema penal. Accessed April 5, 2021. https://redejusticacriminal.org/pt/portfolio/encarceramento-feminino-e-seletividade-penal/.

  • Braga, Ana Gabriela Mendes and Paula Pereira Gonçalves Alves. 2015. Prisão e políticas públicas: Uma análise do encarceramento feminino no estado do Ceará [Prison and public policies: An analysis of female incarceration in the state of Ceará.]. Revista Pensar. Fortaleza 20 (2): 302–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavenaghi, Suzana, and José Eustáquio Diniz. Alves. 2018. Mulheres chefes de família no Brasil: Avanços e desafios [Women heads of families in Brazil: Advances and challenges.]. Rio de Janeiro: ENS-CPES.

    Google Scholar 

  • Código de Processo Penal. 1941. Decreto-Lei n. 3.689, de 3 de outubro de 1941 [Decree-Law No. 3689 of October 3, 1941.]. Accessed September 15, 2019. http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto-lei/del3689.htm.

  • Conselho Nacional de Justiça (Brasil). 2014. Novo diagnóstico de pessoas presas no Brasil [New diagnosis of people arrested in Brazil.]. Departamento de monitoramento e fiscalização do sistema carcerário e do sistema de execução de medidas socioeducativas—DMF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conselho Nacional de Justiça (Brasil). 2016. Regras de Bangkok [Bangkok rules.]. Regra das Nações Unidas para o tratamento de mulheres presas e medidas não privativas de liberdade para mulheres infratoras.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conselho Nacional de Justiça (Brasil). 2018. Cadastro Nacional de grávidas e lactantes [National Registry of pregnant and nursing mothers.].

    Google Scholar 

  • Constituição (Brasil). 1824. Constituição Política do Império do Brasil [Political Constitution of the Empire of Brazil.].

    Google Scholar 

  • CNMP – Conselho Nacional do Ministério Público. n.d. Sistema Prisional em Números [Prison System in Numbers]. Accessed September 14, 2019. https://www.cnmp.mp.br/portal/relatoriosbi/sistema-prisional-em-numeros?fbclid=IwAR3rUyWbm7dtWROq0l4g0MQDVtXYpNhA83jm-0-VUrGqmaWQGaRNjSpD_J4.

  • Constituição (Brasil). 1988. Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil [Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil.]. Brasília, DF, Senado.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corlassoli, Thaís Mara Bottega and Julia Dambrós Marçal. 2018. Prisioneiras: Violações cometidas aos direitos das mães e gestantes nas penitenciárias brasileiras e a decisão do HC 143.641 pelo STF [Prisoners: Violations committed to the rights of mothers and pregnant women in Brazilian penitentiaties and the decision of HC 143,641 by the Supreme Court.]. Revista Jurídica FADEP Digital 2 (4): 299–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Custódio, André Viana. 2018. Teoria da Proteção Integral: pressuposto para a compreensão do Direito da Criança e do Adolescente [Theory of Integral Protection: presupposition for the understanding of the Right of children and adolescents.]. Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (29): 22–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Araújo, Priscila França et al. 2020. Behind bars: the burden of being a woman in Brazilian prisons. BMC International Health and Human Rights 20 (1): 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Defensoria Pública Do Estado Do Ceará. 2018. Defensoria contabiliza 104 mulheres beneficiadas com prisão domiciliar após HC Coletivo [Defender’s account counts 104 women benefited from house arrest after COLLECTIVE HC.].

    Google Scholar 

  • Departamento Penitenciário Nacional (Brasil). 2017. Levantamento Nacional de Informações Penitenciárias [National Survey of Penitentiary Information.]. Brasília, DF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Departamento Penitenciário Nacional (Brasil). 2018. Levantamento Nacional de Informações Penitenciárias: INFOPEN Mulheres [National Penitentiary Information Survey: INFOPEN Women.]. Brasília, DF.

    Google Scholar 

  • DPN – Departamento Penitenciário Nacional. 2018. Levantamento Nacional de Informações Penitenciárias: INFOPEN Mulheres. Brasília.

    Google Scholar 

  • Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA). 1990. Lei nº 8.069, de 13 de julho de 1990 [Law No. 8069 of July 13, 1990.].

    Google Scholar 

  • Estatuto da Primeira Infância (EPI). 2016. Lei nº 13.257, de 08 de março de 2016 [Law No. 13,257 of March 8, 2016.].

    Google Scholar 

  • Fachinetto, Neidemar José. 2008. A garantia do direito à convivência familiar e sua relação com as políticas públicas: uma análise interdisciplinar [The guarantee of the right to family life and its relationship with public policies: an interdisciplinary analysis.]. Master’s diss., Santa Cruz do Sul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilduff, Fernanda. 2020. Seletividade punitiva, racismo e superencarceramento no Brasil [Punitive selectivity, racism and superincarceration in Brazil.]. Vértices (campos Dos Goitacazes) 22: 787–804.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lei de Execução Penal (Brasil). 1984. Lei n. 7.210, de 11 de julho de 1984 [Law No. 7210 of July 11, 1984.].

    Google Scholar 

  • Lei de Execução Penal (Brasil). 2018. Lei n. 13.769, de 19 de dezembro de 2018 [Law No. 13,769 of December 19, 2018.].

    Google Scholar 

  • Leite, Carla Carvalho. 2005. Da doutrina da situação irregular à doutrina da proteção integral: aspectos históricos e mudanças paradigmáticas [From the doctrine of irregular situation to the doctrine of integral protection: historical aspects and paradigmatic changes.]. Juizado da Infância e da Juventude. Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Corregedoria-Geral da Justiça.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lima, Fernanda da Silva and Josiane Rose Petry Veronese. 2012. Os direitos da criança e do adolescente: a necessária efetivação dos direitos fundamentais [The rights of children and adolescents: the necessary realization of fundamental rights.]. Coleção Pensando o Direito no Século.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendes, Moacyr Pereira. 2006. A doutrina da proteção integral da criança e do adolescente frente à Lei 8069/90 [The doctrine of the integral protection of children and adolescents in the face of Law 8069/90.]. Master’s diss., São Paulo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira, Rafaela Costa e Silva. 2017. Prisão domiciliar como medida garantidora dos direitos das crianças que estão no cárcere com suas mães [House arrest as a measure that ensures the rights of children who are in prison with their mothers.]. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso, Brasília.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramos, Anna Carolina Meira. 2018. Maternidade e prisão domiciliar na jurisprudência do Tribunal de Justiça do Rio Grande do Sul [Maternity and house arrest in the case law of the Court of Justice of Rio Grande do Sul.]. XXVII Encontro Nacional do Conpedi, Porto Alegre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santiago, Nestor Eduardo Araruna and Joao Araujo Monteiro Neto. 2019. Gambling with criminal law: The legal paradox of “jogo do bicho” (animal lottery) criminalization in Brazil. In Pablo Ciocchini and George Radics (eds.), Criminal Legalities in the Global South. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silva, Bruna Larissa Pontes da. 2018. A proteção à primeira infância dos filhos de mulheres presas e os possíveis reflexos do julgamento do Habeas Corpus coletivo n. 143.641—STF [The protection of early childhood of the children of imprisoned women and the possible reflections of the judgment of the collective Habeas Corpus n. 143.641—STF.]. Brasília, Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silva, Gustavo de Melo. 2011. Adolescente em conflito com a lei no Brasil: da situação irregular à proteção integral [Adolescents in conflict with the law in Brazil: from irregular to comprehensive protection.]. Revista Brasileira de História & Ciências Sociais 3 (5).

    Google Scholar 

  • Spindola, Luciana Soares. 2016. A mulher encarcerada no sistema penal brasileiro: a busca de soluções para as especificidades do gênero feminino no tocante à maternidade [The woman imprisoned in the Brazilian penal system: the search for solutions to the specificities of the female gender with regard to motherhood.]. Artigo (Especialização), Instituto Brasiliense de Direito Público.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sposato, Karyna Batista. 2009. A constitucionalização do direito da criança no Brasil como barreira à redução da idade penal: Visões de um neoconstitucionalismo aplicado [The constitutionalization of the right of children in Brazil as a barrier to the reduction of the criminal age: Visions of an applied neoconstitutionalism.]. Revista Brasileira De Ciências Criminais 80: 80–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Statista. 2021. Countries with the largest number of prisoners as of July 2021. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/262961/countries-with-the-most-prisoners/.

  • Stella, Cláudia. 2009. O impacto do encarceramento materno no desenvolvimento psicossocial dos filhos [The impact of maternal incarceration on the psychosocial development of children.]. Educere et. Educare, Revista de Educação 4 (8): 99–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Supremo Tribunal Federal (Brasil). 2018. Habeas Corpus coletivo n. 143.641 [Habeas Corpus collective n. 143.641.]. São Paulo, Relator: Ministro Ricardo Lewandowski.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tavares, Natália Lucero Farias and Antônio Eduardo Ramires Santoro. 2018. Transcendências da pena: análise do encarceramento de gestantes e mães com filhos em fase de aleitamento [Transcendences of the penalty: analysis of the incarceration of pregnant women and mothers with children in the breastfeeding phase.]. XXVII Encontro Nacional do Conpedi, Salvador, Bahi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vieira, Cláudia Maria Carvalho do Amaral. 2013. Crianças encarceradas—a proteção integral da criança na execução penal feminina da pena privativa de liberdade [Incarcerated children—the full protection of the child in the female criminal execution of the custodial sentence.]. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Curso de Pós-Graduação em Direito, Programa de Doutorado, Florianópolis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vital, Danilo Governo. 2018. pede que HC a mães presas seja executado ‘de forma compulsória’ [asks HC to imprisoned mothers to be executed ‘compulsorily’.]. Revista Consultor Jurídico.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nestor Eduardo Araruna Santiago .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Meneses, L.N., Neto, J.A.M., Santiago, N.E.A. (2023). Between Toys and Behind Bars: Mothers in Jail in the State of Ceará, Brazil. In: Radics, G.B., Ciocchini, P. (eds) Criminal Legalities and Minorities in the Global South. Palgrave Socio-Legal Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17918-1_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17918-1_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-17917-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-17918-1

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics