Abstract
It is not straightforward to leverage the potential benefits of smart beamforming antennas in multihop wireless networks. Since traditional wireless MAC protocols were originally designed with the implicit assumption that all the nodes are equipped with omni-directional antennas, they are not capable of exploiting the advantages of beamforming antennas. In addition, the new challenges, associated with directional beamforming, can offset the gains if left unaddressed as discussed in the previous chapter. In this chapter, we first discuss the main design choices for directional MAC protocols. We then present a taxonomy of the directional MAC protocols and overview some representative protocols in each class. Finally, we explain in details the operation of three major directional MAC protocols and present some simulation results to evaluate their performances.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Arora A, Krunz M, Muqattash A (2004) Directional medium access protocol (DMAP) with power control for wireless ad hoc networks. In: IEEE global telecommunications conference (GLOBECOM), vol 5. Dallas, Texas, pp 2797–2801
Bandyopadhyay S, Hasuike K, Horisawa S, Tawara S (2001) An adaptive MAC protocol for wireless ad hoc community network (WACNet) using electronically steerable passive array radiator antenna. In: IEEE global telecommunications conference (GLOBECOM). San Antonio, Texas, pp 2896–2900
Bazan O, Jaseemuddin M (2008) An opportunistic directional MAC protocol for multihop wireless networks with switched beam directional antennas. In: IEEE international conference on communications (ICC). Beijing, China, pp 2775–2779
Bazan O, Jaseemuddin M (2010) Performance analysis of directional CSMA/CA in the presence of deafness. IET Commun 4(18):2252–2261
Capone A, Martignon F, Fratta L (2008) Directional MAC and routing schemes for power controlled wireless mesh networks with adaptive antennas. Elsevier J Ad Hoc Netw 6(6):936–952
Chang JJ, Liao W, Hou TC (2009) Reservation-based directional medium access control (RDMAC) protocol for multi-hop wireless networks with directional antennas. In: IEEE international conference on communications (ICC). Dresden, Germany, pp 1–5
Chin KW (2007) SpotMAC: a pencil-beam MAC for wireless mesh networks. In: IEEE international conference on computer communications and networks (ICCCN). Honolulu, Hawaii, pp 81–88
Choudhury R, Vaidya N (2004) Deafness: a MAC problem in ad hoc networks when using directional antennas. In: IEEE international conference on network protocols (ICNP). Berlin, Germany, pp 283–292
Choudhury R, Vaidya N (2007) MAC-layer capture: a problem in wireless mesh networks using beamforming antennas. In: IEEE sensor, mesh and ad hoc communications and networks (SECON). San Diego, California, pp 401–410
Choudhury R, Yang X, Ramanathan R, Vaidya N (2002) Using directional antennas for medium access control in ad hoc networks. In: ACM international conference on mobile computing and networking (Mobicom). Atalanta, Georgia, pp 59–70
Choudhury RR, Yang X, Ramanathan R, Vaidya NH (2006) On designing MAC protocols for wireless networks using directional antennas. IEEE Trans Mob Comput 5(5):477–491
Dai HN, Ng KW, Wu MY (2007) A busy-tone based MAC scheme for wireless ad hoc networks using directional antennas. In: IEEE global telecommunications conference (GLOBECOM). Washington, USA, pp 4969–4973
ElBatt T, Anderson T, Ryu B (2003) Performance evaluation of multiple access protocols for ad hoc networks using directional antennas. In: IEEE wireless communications and networking conference (WCNC), vol 2. New Orleans, Louisiana, pp 982–987
Fahmy N, Todd T (2004) A selective CSMA protocol with cooperative nulling for ad hoc networks with smart antennas. In: IEEE wireless communications and networking conference (WCNC). Atlanta, Georgia, pp 387–392
Fakih K, Diouris JF, Andrieux G (2009) Beamforming in ad hoc networks: MAC design and performance modeling. EURASIP J Wirel Commun Netw (2009), 15 pages, Article ID 839421. https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/839421
Gossain H, Cordeiro C, Agrawal DP (2005) MDA: an efficient directional MAC scheme for wireless ad hoc networks. In: IEEE global telecommunications conference (GLOBECOM), vol 6. St. Louis, Missouri, pp 3633–3637
Haas ZJ, Deng J (2002) Dual busy tone multiple access (DBTMA) a multiple access control scheme for ad hoc networks. IEEE Trans Commun 50(6):975–985
Hsu J, Rubin I (2006) Performance analysis of directional CSMA/CA MAC protocol in mobile adhoc networks. In: IEEE international conference on communications (ICC), vol 8. Istanbul,Turkey, pp 3657–3662
Huang Z, Shen C, Srisathapornphat C, Jaikaeo C (2002) A busy-tone based directional MAC protocol for ad hoc networks. In: IEEE military communications conference (Milcom), vol 2. Anaheim, California, pp 1233–1238
IEEE (1999) IEEE 802.11 standard: wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specification
Jain R, Chiu D, Hawe W (1984) A quantitative measure of fairness and discrimination for resource allocation in shared computer system. DEC Technical Report 301
Jakllari G, Broustis I, Korakis T, Krishnamurthy SV, Tassiulas L (2005) Handling asymmetry in gain in directional antenna equipped ad hoc networks. In: IEEE international symposium on personal, indoor and mobile radio communications (PIMRC). Berlin, Germany, pp 1284–1288
Jakllari G, Luo W, Krishnamurthy SV (2007) An integrated neighbor discovery and MAC protocol for ad hoc networks using directional antennas. IEEE Trans Wirel Commun 6(3):11–21
Ko Y, Shankarkumar V, Vaidya N (2000) Medium access control protocols using directional antennas in ad hoc networks. In: IEEE international conference on computer communications (INFOCOM). Tel Aviv, Israel, pp 13–21
Kolar V, Tilak S, Abu-Ghazaleh NB (2004) Avoiding head of line blocking in directional antenna. In: IEEE international conference on local computer networks (LCN). Zurich, Switzerland, pp 385–392
Korakis T, Jakllari G, Tassiulas L (2003) A MAC protocol for full exploitation of directional antennas in ad-hoc wireless networks. In: ACM international conference on mobile computing and networking (MobiHoc). Annapolis, Maryland, pp 98–107
Korakis T, Jakllari G, Tassiulas L (2008) CDR-MAC: a protocol for full exploitation of directional antennas in ad hoc wireless networks. IEEE Trans Mob Comput 7(2):145–155
Kulkarni SS, Rosenberg C (2005) DBSMA: a MAC protocol for multi-hop ad-hoc networks with directional antennas. In: IEEE international symposium on personal, indoor and mobile radio communications (PIMRC), vol 12. Berlin, Germany, pp 1371–1377
Li Y, Li M, Shu W, Wu MY (2007) FFT-DMAC: a tone based MAC protocol with directional antennas. In: IEEE global telecommunications conference (GLOBECOM). Washington, USA, pp 3661–3665
Li Y, Safwat AM (2006) DMAC-DACA: enabling efficient medium access for wireless ad hoc networks with directional antennas. In: IEEE international symposium on wireless pervasive computing (ISWPC). Phuket, Thailand, pp 1–5
Takata M, Bandai M, Watanabe T (2006) A receiver-initiated directional MAC protocol for handling deafness in ad hoc networks. In: IEEE international conference on communications (ICC), vol 9. Istanbul, Turkey, pp 4089–4095
Mundarath JC, Ramanathan P, Veen BDV (2004) NULLHOC : a MAC protocol for adaptive antenna array based wireless ad hoc networks in multipath environments. In: IEEE global telecommunications conference (GLOBECOM), vol 5. Dallas, Texas, pp 2765–2769
Nasipuri A, Ye S, You J, Hiromoto RE (2000) A MAC protocol for mobile ad hoc networks using directional antennas. In: IEEE wireless communications and networking conference (WCNC). Chicago, Illinois, pp 1214–1219
OPNET Technologies: OPNET Modeler V. 12.1. http://www.opnet.com/
Ramanathan R, Redi J, Santivanez C, Wiggins D, Polit S (2005) Ad hoc networking with directional antennas: a complete system solution. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 23(3):496–506
RamMohan VA, Sethu H, Hosaagrahara MR, Dandekar KR (2007) A new protocol to mitigate the unheard RTS/CTS problem in networks with switched beam antennas. In: IEEE international symposium on wireless pervasive computing (ISWPC). San Juan, Puerto Rico, pp 129–134
Shihab E, Cai L, Pan J (2008) A distributed directional-to-directional MAC protocol for asynchronous ad hoc networks. In: IEEE global telecommunications conference (GLOBECOM). New Orleans, Louisiana, pp 1–5
Shihab E, Cai L, Pan J (2009) A distributed asynchronous directional-to-directional MAC protocol for wireless ad hoc networks. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 58(9):5124–5134
Singh H, Singh S (2003) A MAC protocol based on adaptive beamforming for ad hoc networks. In: IEEE international symposium on personal, indoor and mobile radio communications (PIMRC). Beijing, China, pp 1346–1350
Singh H, Singh S (2004) Smart-802.11b MAC protocol for use with smart antennas. In: IEEE international conference on communications (ICC). Paris, France, pp 3684–3688
Subramanian AP, Das SR (2007) Addressing deafness and hidden terminal problem in directional antenna based wireless multi-hop networks. In: IEEE international conference on communication systems software and middleware (COMSWARE). Bangalore, India, pp 1–6
Takai M, Martin J, Ren A, Bagrodia R (2002) Directional virtual carrier sensing for directional antennas in mobile ad hoc networks. In: ACM international symposium on mobile ad hoc networking and computing (MobiHoc). Lausanne, Switzerland, pp 183–193
Takata M, Bandai M, Watanabe T (2007) A MAC protocol with directional antennas for deafness avoidance in ad hoc networks. In: IEEE global telecommunications conference (GLOBECOM). Washington, USA, pp 620–625
Takata M, Nagashima K, Watanabe T (2004) A dual access mode MAC protocol for ad hoc networks using smart antennas. In: IEEE international conference on communications (ICC). Paris, France, pp 4182–4186
Takatsuka Y, Nagashima K, Takata M, Bandai M, Watanabe T (2006) A directional MAC protocol for practical smart antennas. In: IEEE global telecommunications conference (GLOBECOM). San Francisco, California, pp 1–6
Takatsuka Y, Takata M, Bandai M, Watanabe T (2008) A MAC protocol for directional hidden terminal and minor lobe problems. In: IEEE wireless telecommunications symposium (WTS). Pomona, California, pp 210–219
Wang J, Fang Y, Wu D (2005) SYN-DMAC: a directional MAC protocol for ad hoc networks with synchronization. In: IEEE military communications conference (Milcom), vol 4. Atlantic City, New Jersey, pp 2258–2263
Wang J, Zhai H, Li P, Fang Y, Wu D (2009) Directional medium access control for ad hoc networks. Springer Wirel Netw 15(8):1059–1073
Wang Y, Garcia-Luna-Aceves JJ (2003) Collision avoidance in single-channel ad hoc networks using directional antennas. In: IEEE international conference on distributed computing systems (ICDCS). Providence, Rhode Island, pp 640–649
Zhang Z (2005) Pure directional transmission and reception algorithms in wireless ad hoc networks with directional antennas. In: IEEE international conference on communications (ICC). Seoul, Korea, pp 3386–3390
Zhang Z, Ryu B, Nallamothu G, Huang Z (2005) Performance of all-directional transmission and reception algorithms in wireless ad hoc networks with directional antennas. In: IEEE military communications conference (MILCOM). Atlantic City, New Jersey, pp 225–230
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bazan, O., Kazi, B.U., Jaseemuddin, M. (2021). Directional MAC. In: Beamforming Antennas in Wireless Networks. SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77459-2_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77459-2_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-77458-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-77459-2
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)